Cercozoa

Cercozoa
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota (unranked) Rhizaria Phylum: Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998

The Cercozoa are a group of protists, including most amoeboids and flagellates that feed by means of filose pseudopods. These may be restricted to part of the cell surface, but there is never a true cytostome or mouth as found in many other protozoa. They show a variety of forms and have proven difficult to define in terms of structural characteristics, although their unity is strongly supported by genetic studies. Cercozoa are closely related to Foraminifera and Radiolaria, amoeboids that usually have complex shells, and together with them form a supergroup called the Rhizaria.

The best-known Cercozoa are the euglyphids, filose amoebae with shells of siliceous scales or plates, which are commonly found in soils, nutrient-rich waters, and on aquatic plants. Some other filose amoebae produce organic shells, including the tectofilosids and Gromia. They were formerly classified with the euglyphids as the Testaceafilosia. This group is not monophyletic, but nearly all studied members fall in or near the Cercozoa, related to similarly shelled flagellates.

Another important group placed here are the chlorarachniophytes, strange amoebae that form a reticulating net. They are set apart by the presence of chloroplasts, which apparently developed from an ingested green alga. They are bound by four membranes and still possess a vestigial nucleus, called a nucleomorph. As such, they have been of great interest to researchers studying the endosymbiotic origins of organelles.

Other notable cercozoans include the cercomonads, which are common soil flagellates, and the Phaeodarea, marine protozoa that were previously considered radiolarians. In addition, three groups that are traditionally considered heliozoans belong here: the dimorphids, desmothoracids, and gymnosphaerids. The exact composition and classification of the Cercozoa are still being worked out. A general scheme is:

Class Chlorarachnea		chlorarachniophytes
Class Proteomyxidea		gymnophryids, dimorphids, desmothoracids, gymnosphaerids, etc.
Class Sarcomonadea		cercomonads
Class Imbricatea / Silicofilosea		euglyphids and thaumatomonads
Class Thecofilosea		tectofilosids and cryomonads
Class Phaeodarea
Class Ebridea		ebriids

In addition two groups of parasites, the Phytomyxea and Ascetosporea, and the shelled amoeba Gromia may be basal Cercozoa, although some trees place them closer to the Foraminifera. The spongomonads have been included here, but more recently have been considered Amoebozoa. Some other small groups of protozoans are considered Cercozoa but are of uncertain placement, and it is likely many obscure genera will turn out to be cercozoans with further study.

References

• Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 73: 203–266.
• Cavalier-Smith, T. and Chao, E.E. (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Sina M. Adl; et al. (2005). "The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)

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