Thyroglobulin

this is an important hormone in our body and is a amino derived hormone

Thyroglobulin
Identifiers
Symbols	TG ; AITD3; TGN
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 2430
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Cellular component Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

WikiDoc Resources for Thyroglobulin
Articles
Most recent articles on Thyroglobulin Most cited articles on Thyroglobulin Review articles on Thyroglobulin Articles on Thyroglobulin in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Thyroglobulin Images of Thyroglobulin Photos of Thyroglobulin Podcasts & MP3s on Thyroglobulin Videos on Thyroglobulin
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Thyroglobulin Bandolier on Thyroglobulin TRIP on Thyroglobulin
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Thyroglobulin at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Thyroglobulin Clinical Trials on Thyroglobulin at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Thyroglobulin NICE Guidance on Thyroglobulin NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Thyroglobulin CDC on Thyroglobulin
Books
Books on Thyroglobulin
News
Thyroglobulin in the news Be alerted to news on Thyroglobulin News trends on Thyroglobulin
Commentary
Blogs on Thyroglobulin
Definitions
Definitions of Thyroglobulin
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Thyroglobulin Discussion groups on Thyroglobulin Patient Handouts on Thyroglobulin Directions to Hospitals Treating Thyroglobulin Risk calculators and risk factors for Thyroglobulin
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Thyroglobulin Causes & Risk Factors for Thyroglobulin Diagnostic studies for Thyroglobulin Treatment of Thyroglobulin
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Thyroglobulin
International
Thyroglobulin en Espanol Thyroglobulin en Francais
Business
Thyroglobulin in the Marketplace Patents on Thyroglobulin
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by and used entirely within the thyroid gland. In earlier literature, Tg was referred to as "colloid".

Thyroglobulin should not be confused with Thyroxine-binding globulin, a carrier protein responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones in the blood.

Function

Tg is used by the thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The active form of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, is produced both within the thyroid gland and periphery by 5'-deiodinase (which has been referred to as tetraiodothyronine 5' deiodinase.)

Tg is produced by the thyroid epithelial cells, called thyrocytes, which form spherical follicles. Tg is secreted and stored in the follicular lumen.

Via a reaction with the enzyme thyroperoxidase, iodine is covalently bound to tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin molecules, forming monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT).

• Thyroxine is produced by combining two moieties of DIT.
• Triiodothyronine is produced by combining one molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT.

Proteases in lysosomes digest iodinated thyroglobulin, releasing T3 and T4.

Clinical significance

Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease, frequently develop antibodies against Tg. Tg-specific antibodies help in the diagnosis of these diseases, but they also may be present in apparently healthy euthyroid individuals.

Thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be used as a tumor marker for certain kinds of thyroid cancer. Thyroglobulin levels in the blood can also be elevated in cases of Graves' disease.

Further reading

• Mazzaferri EL, Robbins RJ, Spencer CA; et al. (2003). "A consensus report of the role of serum thyroglobulin as a monitoring method for low-risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (4): 1433–41. PMID 12679418.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Henry M, Zanelli E, Piechaczyk M; et al. (1992). "A major human thyroglobulin epitope defined with monoclonal antibodies is mainly recognized by human autoantibodies". Eur. J. Immunol. 22 (2): 315–9. doi:10.1002/eji.1830220205. PMID 1371467.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Targovnik HM, Cochaux P, Corach D, Vassart G (1992). "Identification of a minor Tg mRNA transcript in RNA from normal and goitrous thyroids". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 84 (1–2): R23–6. doi:10.1016/0303-7207(92)90087-M. PMID 1639210.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Dunn AD, Crutchfield HE, Dunn JT (1991). "Thyroglobulin processing by thyroidal proteases. Major sites of cleavage by cathepsins B, D, and L.". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (30): 20198–204. PMID 1939080.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Lamas L, Anderson PC, Fox JW, Dunn JT (1989). "Consensus sequences for early iodination and hormonogenesis in human thyroglobulin". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (23): 13541–5. PMID 2760035.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Marriq C, Lejeune PJ, Venot N, Vinet L (1989). "Hormone synthesis in human thyroglobulin: possible cleavage of the polypeptide chain at the tyrosine donor site". FEBS Lett. 242 (2): 414–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(89)80513-7. PMID 2914619.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Christophe D, Cabrer B, Bacolla A; et al. (1985). "An unusually long poly(purine)-poly(pyrimidine) sequence is located upstream from the human thyroglobulin gene". Nucleic Acids Res. 13 (14): 5127–44. doi:10.1093/nar/13.14.5127. PMID 2991855.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Baas F, van Ommen GJ, Bikker H; et al. (1986). "The human thyroglobulin gene is over 300 kb long and contains introns of up to 64 kb". Nucleic Acids Res. 14 (13): 5171–86. doi:10.1093/nar/14.13.5171. PMID 3016640.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kubak BM, Potempa LA, Anderson B; et al. (1989). "Evidence that serum amyloid P component binds to mannose-terminated sequences of polysaccharides and glycoproteins". Mol. Immunol. 25 (9): 851–8. PMID 3211159.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Malthiéry Y, Lissitzky S (1987). "Primary structure of human thyroglobulin deduced from the sequence of its 8448-base complementary DNA". Eur. J. Biochem. 165 (3): 491–8. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11466.x. PMID 3595599.
• Parma J, Christophe D, Pohl V, Vassart G (1988). "Structural organization of the 5' region of the thyroglobulin gene. Evidence for intron loss and "exonization" during evolution". J. Mol. Biol. 196 (4): 769–79. PMID 3681978.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Bergé-Lefranc JL, Cartouzou G, Mattéi MG; et al. (1985). "Localization of the thyroglobulin gene by in situ hybridization to human chromosomes". Hum. Genet. 69 (1): 28–31. doi:10.1007/BF00295525. PMID 3967888.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Malthiéry Y, Lissitzky S (1985). "Sequence of the 5'-end quarter of the human-thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid and of its deduced amino-acid sequence". Eur. J. Biochem. 147 (1): 53–8. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08717.x. PMID 3971976.
• Avvedimento VE, Di Lauro R, Monticelli A; et al. (1985). "Mapping of human thyroglobulin gene on the long arm of chromosome 8 by in situ hybridization". Hum. Genet. 71 (2): 163–6. doi:10.1007/BF00283375. PMID 4043966.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Xiao S, Pollock HG, Taurog A, Rawitch AB (1995). "Characterization of hormonogenic sites in an N-terminal, cyanogen bromide fragment of human thyroglobulin". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 320 (1): 96–105. doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.1346. PMID 7793989.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Corral J, Martín C, Pérez R; et al. (1993). "Thyroglobulin gene point mutation associated with non-endemic simple goitre". Lancet. 341 (8843): 462–4. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90209-Y. PMID 8094490.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gentile F, Salvatore G (1994). "Preferential sites of proteolytic cleavage of bovine, human and rat thyroglobulin. The use of limited proteolysis to detect solvent-exposed regions of the primary structure". Eur. J. Biochem. 218 (2): 603–21. PMID 8269951.
• Mallet B, Lejeune PJ, Baudry N; et al. (1996). "N-glycans modulate in vivo and in vitro thyroid hormone synthesis. Study at the N-terminal domain of thyroglobulin". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (50): 29881–8. PMID 8530385.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Yang SX, Pollock HG, Rawitch AB (1996). "Glycosylation in human thyroglobulin: location of the N-linked oligosaccharide units and comparison with bovine thyroglobulin". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 327 (1): 61–70. doi:10.1006/abbi.1996.0093. PMID 8615697.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Molina F, Bouanani M, Pau B, Granier C (1996). "Characterization of the type-1 repeat from thyroglobulin, a cysteine-rich module found in proteins from different families". Eur. J. Biochem. 240 (1): 125–33. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0125h.x. PMID 8797845.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

• Histology at KUMC endo-endo11
• Overview at colostate.edu
• Histology image: 14302loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University