Footprint
Footprints are the impressions or images left behind by a person walking. Hoofprints and pawprints are those left by animals with hooves or paws rather than feet, while "shoeprints" is the specific term for prints made by shoes. They may either be indentations in the ground or something placed onto the surface that was stuck to the bottom of the foot. A "trackway" is set of footprints in soft earth left by a life-form; animal tracks are the footprints, hoofprints, or pawprints of an animal.
Footprints can be followed when tracking during a hunt or can provide evidence of activities.
Some footprints remain unexplained, with several famous stories from mythology and legend. Others have provided evidence of prehistoric life and behaviours.
Footprints in detective work
The print left behind at a crime scene can give vital evidence to the perpetrator of the crime. Shoes have different prints based on the sole design and the wear that it has received – this can help to identify suspects.[1] Photographs or castings of footprints can be taken to preserve the finding. Analysis of footprints and shoeprints is a specialist part of forensic science.
Some detective work is relatively immediate, with criminals being tracked by the footprints they left in the snow leading from the crime scene to their home or hiding place. This is usually reported as a humorous story in news publications.[2][3]
Ancient footprints
Footprints have been preserved as fossils and provide evidence of prehistoric life. Known as "ichnites", these trace fossils can give clues to the behaviour of specific species of dinosaur. The study of such fossils is known as ichnology and species known only by such evidence are known as ichnospecies. The Grallator is one example of a genus that has left no fossils other than ichnites.
The finding of footprints in the limestone beds of the Paluxy River near Glen Rose, Texas show what some people have interpreted as human footprints alongside those of dinosaurs. This sparked the man track controversy, believed by some Creationists to show that humans and dinosaurs coexisted.[4][5]
Other footprint findings
- Siwa Oasis– World's oldest footprint discovered over 3 million years old[6]
- Laetoli – human footprints from the Pliocene era (3.7 million years ago) preserved in volcanic ash.[7]
- Acahualinca – 6000 year old human footprints fossilized in volcanic ash and mud in Nicaragua.
- Uskmouth – human footprints carbon dated to 4200BC preserved in clay.[8]
Footprints in myth and legend
The appearance of footprints, or marks interpreted as footprints, have led to numerous myths and legends. Some locations use such imprints as tourist attractions.
Examples of footprints in myth and legend include:
- Buddha footprint – an aniconic and symbolic representation of the Buddha.[9]
- The Devil's Footprints – an unexplained series of hoof-like marks that appeared in Devon, England on 8 February 1855 after a light snowfall during the night.[10]
- Golden calf – in Islam dust from the hoofprints of Haizum, the winged horse of archangel Gabriel, is used to animate the Golden calf.[11]
- Moso's Footprint – a 1m by 3m rock enclosure in Samoa made when the giant Moso stepped over to Samoa from Fiji, and the other footprint can be found on Viti Levu, the largest island of Fiji.
- Footprints of Bigfoot, a cryptozoological animal, are said to give proof to its existence.
- Sri Pada, or Adam's Peak, a mountain in Sri Lanka, has a large footprint-shaped impression in the rock at its summit, said by various religious adherents to be that of the Buddha, Shiva or Adam.
- A set of Jesus's footprints, according to legend, are preserved at the Church of Domine Quo Vadis outside of Rome.
- A mark in stone of the paving of the Munich Frauenkirche is known as the Teufelstritt ("Devil's Footstep").
Footprints in popular culture
The imagery of footprints has been used in many areas of popular culture. Several poems and songs have been written about them, with the religious poem Footprints being one of the best known.
Prints or impressions of a child's feet can be kept as a memento by parents. Usually this is done using paint. The impressions of celebrity's feet, usually in concrete, may be kept in a collection such as that outside Grauman's Chinese Theatre.
Footprints can be seen in some films when not intended, becoming a goof. When filming scenes in snow, sand or other easily-markable ground it is easy for the signs of previous takes or of crew movement to make it through to the finished film, such as in Touching the Void[12] and Casino.[13] Alternatively, the wrong type of footprints might appear, such as bootprints instead of hoofprints as in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.[14]
References
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- ↑ BBC News, 2 March 1998. "Footprints help to track down criminals". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ BBC News, 30 June 2005. "Vandal caught by his footprints". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ BBC News, 27 April 2006. "Footprints in snow lead to court". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ Morris, John. Institute for Creation Research. "The Pauluxy River Tracks". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ Kuban, Glen. "The Texas Dinosaur/"Man Track" Controversy". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ CNN: Human footprint may be oldest ever found
- ↑ Wong, Kate. Scientific American, 1 August 2005. "Footprints to Fill – Flat feet and doubts about makers of the Laetoli tracks". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ Gathering the Jewels. "Prehistoric footprints, Uskmouth, Glamorgan". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ Japanese Buddhist Statuary, 14 January 2005. "Stone footprints of the Buddha". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ MysteriousBritain.co.uk. "The Devil's Footprints". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ "Libra the Scales". Accessed 28 July 2006.
- ↑ Internet Movie Database. "Goofs for Touching the Void (2003)". Accessed 29 July 2006.
- ↑ Internet Movie Database. "Goofs for Casino (1995)". Accessed 29 July 2006.
- ↑ Internet Movie Database. "Goofs for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005)". Accessed 29 July 2006.