HRK (gene)

Harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)
Identifiers
Symbols	HRK ; DP5; HARAKIRI
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 37853
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain), also known as HRK, is a human gene.

Activator of apoptosis Hrk regulates apoptosis through interaction with death-repressor proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). The HRK protein lacks significant homology to other BCL2 family members except for an 8-amino acid region that was similar to the BCL2 homology domain-3 (BH3) motif of BIK. HRK interacts with BCL2 and BCLXL via the BH3 domain, but not with the death-promoting BCL2-related proteins BAX, BAK, or BCLXS. HRK localizes to membranes of intracellular organelles in a pattern similar to that previously reported for BCL2 and BCLXL.

Further reading

• Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Núñez G (1997). "harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". EMBO J. 16 (7): 1686–94. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.7.1686. PMID 9130713.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y; et al. (1999). "The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (12): 7975–81. PMID 10075695.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. PMID 11076863.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Sanz C, Mellstrom B, Link WA; et al. (2001). "Interleukin 3-dependent activation of DREAM is involved in transcriptional silencing of the apoptotic Hrk gene in hematopoietic progenitor cells". EMBO J. 20 (9): 2286–92. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.9.2286. PMID 11331593.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Bae J, Hsu SY, Leo CP; et al. (2001). "Underphosphorylated BAD interacts with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins to regulate apoptosis". Apoptosis. 6 (5): 319–30. PMID 11483855.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wakabayashi T, Kosaka J, Hommura S (2002). "Up-regulation of Hrk, a regulator of cell death, in retinal ganglion cells of axotomized rat retina". Neurosci. Lett. 318 (2): 77–80. PMID 11796190.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Sanz C, Horita M, Fernandez-Luna JL (2004). "Fas signaling and blockade of Bcr-Abl kinase induce apoptotic Hrk protein via DREAM inhibition in human leukemia cells". Haematologica. 87 (9): 903–7. PMID 12217801.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Jurisicova A, Antenos M, Varmuza S; et al. (2003). "Expression of apoptosis-related genes during human preimplantation embryo development: potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase-3 in blastomere fragmentation". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 9 (3): 133–41. PMID 12606589.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM (2004). "High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins". Anal. Biochem. 322 (2): 170–8. PMID 14596824.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Obata T, Toyota M, Satoh A; et al. (2004). "Identification of HRK as a target of epigenetic inactivation in colorectal and gastric cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (17): 6410–8. PMID 14695142.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Sunayama J, Ando Y, Itoh N; et al. (2005). "Physical and functional interaction between BH3-only protein Hrk and mitochondrial pore-forming protein p32". Cell Death Differ. 11 (7): 771–81. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401418. PMID 15031724.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A; et al. (2005). "Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function". Mol. Cell. 17 (3): 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030. PMID 15694340.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Chipuk JE; et al. (2005). "BH3 domains of BH3-only proteins differentially regulate Bax-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization both directly and indirectly". Mol. Cell. 17 (4): 525–35. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.02.003. PMID 15721256.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Certo M, Del Gaizo Moore V, Nishino M; et al. (2006). "Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members". Cancer Cell. 9 (5): 351–65. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.027. PMID 16697956.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)