Sepsis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Sepsis is a serious medical condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state caused by infection. Traditionally the term sepsis has been used interchangeably with septicaemia and septicemia ("blood poisoning"). However, these terms are no longer considered synonymous; septicemia is considered a subset of sepsis.
Sepsis [1], [2]
Sepsis is considered present if infection is highly suspected or proven and two or more of the following systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria are met:
- Heart rate > 90 beats per minute
- Temperature < 36 (96.8 °F) or > 38 °C (100.4 °F)
- Tachypnea > 20 breaths per minute or, on blood gas, a PaCO2 < 32 mm Hg
- White blood cell count < 4000 cells/mm³ or > 12000 cells/mm³ (< 4 x 109 or > 12 x 109 cells/L), or > 10% band forms (immature white blood cells / bandemia).
Consensus definitions however continue to evolve with the latest expanding the list of signs and symptoms of sepsis to reflect clinical bedside experience.[3]
Severe sepsis [1]
Patients are defined as having "severe sepsis" if they have sepsis plus
- signs of systemic hypoperfusion
- Capillary refilling time > 3 seconds
- Urine output <.5mL/kg for atleast 1 hour or requirement of renal replacement therapy
- End organs dysfunction
- Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (echocardiographic findings / cardiac index)
- Acute changes in sensorium / abnormal EEG findings
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Thrombocytopenia < 100,000 platelets/mL
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Skin mottlings
- Serum lactate > 2 mmol/L.
Septic shock [1]
Septic shock is defined as sepsis with refractory arterial hypotension. Refractory arterial hypotension is further defined as:
- Mean systemic blood pressure (SBP) of < 60 mm Hg or < 80 mm Hg (in hypertensives) despite adequate fluid resuscitation.
- Adequate fluid resuscitation is defined as infusion of following at the said rates:
- 20 to 30 mL/kg of starch,
- 40 to 60 mL/kg of saline solution
- Measured pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - 12 to 20 mmHg
- Central venous pressure of 8 to 12 mmHg
- Adequate fluid resuscitation is defined as infusion of following at the said rates:
- Maintenance of the systemic mean blood pressure of >60 mmHg or >80 mmHg (in hypertensives) despite adequate fluid resuscitation requires
- Dopamine > 5 mcg/kg/min
- Norepinephrine < 0.25 mcg/kg/min
- Epinephrine < 0.25 mcg/kg/min
Refractory septic shock
Refractory Septic shock is defined as sepsis with refractory arterial hypotension and maintenance of the systemic mean blood pressure of >60 mmHg or >80 mmHg (in hypertensives) despite adequate fluid resuscitation requires
- Dopamine > 15 mcg/kg/min
- Norepinephrine > 0.25 mcg/kg/min
- Epinephrine > 0.25 mcg/kg/min
- Adequate fluid resuscitation is defined as infusion of following at the said rates:
- 20 to 30 mL/kg of starch,
- 40 to 60 mL/kg of saline solution
- Measured pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - 12 to 20 mmHg
- Central venous pressure of 8 to 12 mmHg
Neonatal sepsis
The criteria for diagnosing an adult with sepsis do not apply to infants under one month of age (neonatal sepsis). In infants, only the presence of infection plus a "constellation" of signs and symptoms consistent with the systemic response to infection are required for diagnosis.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome [1], [4]
Criteria for SIRS were agreed in 1992.[5] SIRS can be diagnosed when two or more of the following are present[6]:
- Heart rate > 90 beats per minute
- Temperature < 36 (96.8 °F) or > 38 °C (100.4 °F)
- Tachypnea > 20 breaths per minute or, on blood gas, a PaCO2 < 32 mm Hg
- White blood cell count < 4000 cells/mm³ or > 12000 cells/mm³ (< 4 x 109 or > 12 x 109 cells/L), or > 10% band forms (immature white blood cells / bandemia).
Severe SIRS
- When two or more of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria are met without evidence of infection, patients may be diagnosed simply with "SIRS."
- Patients with SIRS and acute organ dysfunction may be termed "severe SIRS."
Difference between SIRS and sepsis
SIRS with a suspected or proven infection is called sepsis.
Simply stated:
- SIRS + infection = sepsis
See also
- Anaphylactic shock
- Cardiogenic shock
- Neurogenic shock
- Sepsis
- Shock
- Septic shock
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, Reinhart K, Angus DC, Brun-Buisson C, Beale R, Calandra T, Dhainaut JF, Gerlach H, Harvey M, Marini JJ, Marshall J, Ranieri M, Ramsay G, Sevransky J, Thompson BT, Townsend S, Vender JS, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL (2008). "Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008". Critical Care Medicine. 36 (1): 296–327. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41. PMID 18158437. Retrieved 2012-09-16. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992 Jun;101(6):1644-55. PMID 1303622.
- ↑ Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G; SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003 Apr;31(4):1250-6.
- ↑ Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992 Jun;101(6):1644-55. PMID 1303622.
- ↑ "American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis". Crit. Care Med. 20 (6): 864–74. 1992. PMID 1597042.
- ↑ Tslotou AG, Sakorafas GH, Anagnostopoulos G, Bramis J. Septic shock; current pathogenetic concepts from a clinical perspective. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Mar;11(3):RA76-85. PMID 15735579. Full Text.