Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Classification
Type 1
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type 1 is also known as the candidiasis-hypoparathyroidism-Addison's disease-syndrome after its main features:
- A mild immune deficiency, leading to persistent mucosal and cutaneous infections with candida yeasts. There is also decreased function of the spleen (asplenism).
- Autoimmune dysfunction of the parathyroid gland (leading to hypocalcemia) and the adrenal gland (Addison's disease: hypoglycemia, hypotension and severe reactions in disease).
- Other disease associations are:
- hypothyroidism
- hypogonadism and infertility
- diabetes mellitus (type 1)
- vitiligo (depigmentation of the skin)
- alopecia (baldness)
- malabsorption
- pernicious anemia
- chronic active (autoimmune) hepatitis
A EU-funded consortium is currently doing translational research on this condition and has establised w webpage at EurAPS.
Type 2
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type 2 (also known as "Schmidt's syndrome") is more heterogeneous, occurs more often and has not been linked to one gene. Rather, patients are at a higher risk when they carry a particular HLA genotype (DQ2, DQ8 and DRB1*0404).
Features of this syndrome are:
- Addison's disease
- hypothyroidism
- diabetes mellitus (type 1)
- less common associations:
- hypogonadism
- vitiligo
Some researchers favour splitting this syndrome into three distinct syndromes (numbering 2, 3 and 4), but research evidence for these distinct combinations is not convincing.
XPID
The most serious but rarest form is the X-linked polyendocrinopathy, immunodeficiency and diarrhea-syndrome, also called IPEX. This is due to mutation of the FOXP3 gene on the X chromosome. Most patients develop diabetes and diarrhea as neonates and many die due to autoimmune activity against many organs. Boys are affected, while girls are carriers and might suffer mild disease.
Other diseases
Other diseases featuring polyendocrine autoimmunity:
- Chromosomal abnormalities (Down's syndrome) increase the risk of endocrine autoimmunity
- POEMS syndrome - the E is for endocrinopathy; the cause is a paraprotein excreted by a plasmacytoma or multiple myeloma; other features are polyneuropathy, organomegaly (hepatomegaly and splenomegaly), M-protein (paraprotein) and skin changes.
- Several very rare diseases.