Scrub typhus primary prevention
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Primary Prevention
Vaccine
There are currently no licensed vaccines available.[1]
An early attempt to create a scrub typhus vaccine occurred in the United Kingdom in 1937 (with the Wellcome Foundation infecting around 300,000 cotton rats in a classified project called "Operation Tyburn"), but the vaccine was not used.[2] The first known batch of scrub typhus vaccine actually used to inoculate human subjects was despatched to India for use by Allied Land Forces, South-East Asia Command (A.L.F.S.E.A.) in June 1945. By December 1945, 268,000 cc. had been despatched.[3] The vaccine was produced at Wellcomes laboratory at Ely Grange, Frant, Sussex. An attempt to verify the efficacy of the vaccine by using a placebo group for comparison was vetoed by the military commanders, who objected to the experiment.[4]
It is now known that there is enormous antigenic variation in Orientia tsutsugamushi strains,[5][6] and immunity to one strain does not confer immunity to another. Any scrub typhus vaccine should give protection to all the strains present locally, in order to give an acceptable level of protection. A vaccine developed for one locality may not be protective in another locality, because of antigenic variation. This complexity continues to hamper efforts to produce a viable vaccine.[7]
References
- ↑ Arguin PM, Kozarsky PE, Reed C (eds.) (2008). [Chapter 4: Rickettsial Infections Chapter 4: Rickettsial Infections] Check
|chapter-url=value (help)|chapter-url=missing title (help). CDC Health Information for International Travel, 2008. Mosby. ISBN 0-323-04885-4. - ↑ "AWIC Newsletter: The Cotton Rat In Biomedical Research".
- ↑ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (2 April 1946). "Far East Report". Hansard.
- ↑ Thomson Walker W (1947). "Scrub Typhus Vaccine". Br Med J. 1 (4501): 484–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4501.484. PMC 2053023. PMID 20248030.
- ↑ Shirai A; Tanskul PL; Andre; RG; et al. (1981). "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains found in chiggers collected in Thailand". Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 12 (1): 1–6. PMID 6789455. Unknown parameter
|author-separator=ignored (help) - ↑ Kang JS, Chang WH (1999). "Antigenic relationship among the eight prototype and new serotype strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi revealed by monoclonal antibodies". Microbiol Immunol. 43 (3): 229–34. PMID 10338191.
- ↑ Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, Ching W-M, Richards AL (2009). "Scrub typhus: The geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 48 (s3): S203–S230. doi:10.1086/596576. PMID 19220144. Unknown parameter
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- Needs overview
- Rickettsioses
- Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
- Zoonoses