Opisthorchiasis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
O. viverrini is found mainly in northeast Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea. O. felineus is found mainly in Europe and Asia, including the former Soviet Union.
19.3% in North Thailand,
15.7% in North East Thailand,
3.8% in Central Thailand,
0% in Southern Thailand.[1]
Opisthorchiasis is prevalent in geographical regions where raw cyprinid fishes are a staple of the diet of humans.[2] The prevalence of human infection can be as high as 70% in some regions, for example in Khon Kaen Province in Thailand.[2] The parasite establishes in the bile ducts of the liver as well as extrahepatic ducts and the gall bladder of the mammalian (definitive) host.[2]
Children under the age of 5 are rarely infected by Opisthorchis viverrini.
In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the prevalence of opisthorchiasis was:
- 40% in 1992 causing about 1 744 000 people infected[3]
In Thailand, the prevalence of opisthorchiasis was:
- scaterred reports by Verdun & Bruyant (1908), Leiper (1911), Prommas (1927), Bedier & Chesneau (1929)[4]
- The national control programme have started in Thailand in 1950.[5]
- 25% in 1953 causing about 2 million infected people.[3] The first widespread report of opisthorchiasis in Thailand was in 1953.[3]
- 1965: over 3.5 millions infected people[4]
- 14% in 1980-1981 causing about 7 million infected people.[6]
- 63.6% in 1984-1987,[5][7] but another WHO report mention prevalence 35% in Nort-east Thailand for 1984.[3]
- 35.6% in 1988[7]
- 30% in 1989
- The decline of opisthorchiasis was caused by opisthorchiasis control programme, that includes health education including mass distribution of cooking pots[3] and using praziquantel, that was available since 1984.[3]
- 15.2% in 1991 causing 7 million infected people.[3] About 45 million people were at risk of infection.[3] There was prevalence 22.8% in North Thailand, 24.0% in North East Thailand, 7.3% in Central Thailand and 0.3% in Southern Thailand.[3]
- 12% in 1996[5]
- In 1992-1996 the National Public Health Development Plan used the strategy by the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University against opisthorchiasis.[3]
- 7% in 2000[5]
- 9.4% in 2001[7] In Thailand, the prevalence of opisthorchiasis is 9.4% in 2001,[7] causing about 6 million people are infected with Opisthorchis viverrini.[1][8]
Opisthorchis viverrini was thought to be the only species of liver fluke in Thailand,[6] but PCR techniques have revealed also Clonorchis sinensis in (central) Thailand in 2008.[9]
Another reference from 2002 lists worldwide number of cases about 9 million (without year of estimation).[10] In Thailand, about 7.3 million.[10] About 50 million people are at risk of infection.
In 2005, 67.3 million of people worldwide are at risk of infection.
Keiser & Utzinger (2005)[11] have speculated that aquaculture development is the key risk factor for foodborne trematodiases including opisthorchiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini.[11]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite doi.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite doi.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 World Health Organization (1995). Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection. WHO Technical Report Series. 849. PDF part 1, PDF part 2. page 89-91.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Cite PMID, JSTOR.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWHO 2004 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Template:Cite PMID
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Template:Cite doi.
- ↑ Template:Cite doi.
- ↑ Template:Cite doi.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMuller 2002 - ↑ 11.0 11.1 Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKeiser 2005