Atrial septal defect history and symptoms
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3] Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [4]
Overview
The development of symptoms associated with atrial septal defect relates to the size and severity of intracardiac shunting of blood across the defect. A large atrial septal defect will result in the presentation of symptoms at a younger age. However, smaller, less severe defects may be asymptomatic until adulthood. Smaller defects cause less hemodynamic disruptions. Symptoms such as difficulty breathing, exercise intolerance and fatigue may be seen. As a person ages, the potential for the development of symptoms increases. Adults, especially those over the age of 40, will become symptomatic. Nearly all adults with an atrial septal defect will present with symptom onset by the age of 60.
History and Symptoms
The presentation of atrial septal defect depends on size of the defect, amount of shunt, and associated anomalies. Depending on these, the patients can be asymptomatic and get diagnosed incidentally on examination done for other causes. Symptom onset can occur gradually as patient ages and the defect becomes more influential on the heart's functioning.[1]. Thus, the patient may present in adulthood with symptoms due to right heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and arrythmias.
Common Symptoms
- Shortness of breath, especially when exercising
- Fatigue especially with exertion/exercise
- Poor growth/failure to thrive
- Swelling of feet and ankle or abdomen (right sided heart failure)
- Heart palpitations or skipped beats (racing heart, awareness of heart beats)
- Recurrent respiratory infections
Less Common Symptoms
- Weakness of different parts of body (stroke) due to paradoxical embolization[2][3]
- Migraine
- Bluish skin color or cyanosis
Rapidity of Symptom Onset
Atrial septal defect patients are often asymptomatic until later in life. The majority of people with atrial septal defects may not experience any symptoms until after the age of 40. Nearly all atrial septal defect patients will manifest symptoms by the age of 60. Symptoms may become more rapid in onset as patients get progressively older.
References
- ↑ Craig RJ, Selzer A (1968). "Natural history and prognosis of atrial septal defect". Circulation. 37 (5): 805–15. PMID 5646864.
- ↑ Loscalzo J (1986). "Paradoxical embolism: clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic options". Am Heart J. 112 (1): 141–5. PMID 3728270.
- ↑ Ward R, Jones D, Haponik EF (1995). "Paradoxical embolism. An underrecognized problem". Chest. 108 (2): 549–58. PMID 7634897.