Meningitis causes

Meningitis Main Page
Patient Information
Overview
Causes
Classification Viral Meningitis Bacterial Meningitis Fungal Meningitis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, that spread into the blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Non-infectious causes include cancers, systemic lupus erythematosus and certain drugs. The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but Neisseria meningitidis ("meningococcus") and Streptococcus pneumoniae ("pneumococcus") are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus may complicate neurosurgical operations, and Listeria monocytogenes is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. Haemophilus influenzae (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.

Causes

Common Causes

• Escherichia coli
• Gram-negative bacilli
• Group B streptococci
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Neisseria Meningitis
• Non-Group B streptococci
• Staphylococci
• Streptococcus agalactiae
• Streptococcus pneumoniae

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Bacterial endocarditis
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Phenazopyridine, NSAIDs, Ibuprofen, Azathioprine
Ear Nose Throat	Sinusitis, Middle ear infection, Cholesteatoma
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Whipple's Disease
Genetic	Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Hematologic	Meningeal leukemia, Lymphoma
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Yersinia pestis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus , Varicella zoster virus, Typhoid fever , Trypanosomiasis , Trichinosis, Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma gondii, Systemic candidiasis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcal Group B, Staphylococcus aureus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Sporothrix schenckii, Spirillum minor (rat bite fever), Serratia , Secondary syphilis, Schistosomiasis, Salmonella, Rubella, Rotavirus, Rickettsia, Rat-bite fever, Rabies, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Poliovirus, Pasteurella multocida , Parameningeal bacterial infection epidural abscess, subdural abscess, Parainfluenza, Nocardia , Neisseria meningiditis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mumps, Mountain tick fever, Measles, Malaria, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lyme disease , Listeria monocytogenes, Leptospira, Klebsiella, Influenza A and B, HIV, Histoplasma capsulatum, Herpes virus 6, Herpes simplex type I, Herpes simplex type 2, Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease, Haemophilus influenzae, Group B Streptococcal Infections , Group A Streptococcal Infections , Escherichia coli, Epstein Barr virus, Enteroviruses , Encephalomyocarditis virus, Ehrlichia , ECHO viruses, Eastern encephalitis virus, Cytomegalovirus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Coxsackie viruses types A and B, Congenital herpes simplex, Colorado tick fever, Coccidioides immitis, Chlamydia , Chicken pox, Chagas disease, Candida , Campylobacter , California encephalitis virus , Burkholderia pseudomallei, Brucella , Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever), Borrelia burgdorferi, (Lyme disease), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Bartonellosis , Bacteroides, Bacteremia , Aspergillus , Arboviruses, Anthrax , Angiostrongylus cantonensis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - cryptococcal meningitis, Adenovirus, Actinomycosis, Actinomyces , Acanthamoeba, Abscess
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Metatstatic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas, Meningeal leukemia, Meningeal carcinomatosis, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Disseminated carcinoma, Acute leukaemia
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sarcoidosis, Kawasaki disease, Complement component deficiency, Behcet's disease
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Skull fracture, Head injury
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Western equine encephalitis , Western encephalitis virus, Weil's syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Postvaccination, NOMID syndrome, Familial Mediterranean fever

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Abscess Acanthamoeba Actinomyces spp Actinomycosis Acute leukaemia Adenovirus AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections -cryptococcal meningitis Angiostrongylus cantonensis Anthrax Arboviruses Aspergillus spp Azathioprine Bacteremia Bacterial endocarditis Bacteroides Bartonellosis Behcet's disease Blastomyces dermatitidis Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever) Brucella spp Burkholderia pseudomallei California encephalitis virus Campylobacter Candida spp Chagas disease Chicken pox Chlamydia spp Cholesteatoma Coccidioides immitis Colorado tick fever Common Variable Immunodeficiency Complement component deficiency Congenital herpes simplex Coxsackie viruses types A and B Cryptococcus neoformans Cytomegalovirus Disseminated carcinoma Eastern encephalitis virus ECHO viruses Encephalomyocarditis virus Enteroviruses

Epstein Barr virus Escherichia coli Familial Mediterranean fever Group A Streptococcal Infections Group B Streptococcal Infections Haemophilus influenzae Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease Head injury Herpes simplex type 2 Herpes simplex type I Herpes virus 6 Histoplasma capsulatum HIV Influenza A and B Kawasaki disease Klebsiella Ibuprofen Leptospira Leukemia Listeria monocytogenes Lyme disease Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Lymphoma Malaria Measles Meningeal carcinomatosis Meningeal leukemia Metatstatic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas Middle ear infection Mountain tick fever Mumps Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycoplasma hominis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Neisseria meningiditis Nocardia NOMID syndrome NSAIDs Parainfluenza Parameningeal bacterial infection , epidural abscess , subdural abscess Pasteurella multocida

Poliovirus Postvaccination Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazopyridine Rabies Rat-bite fever Rickettsia Rotavirus Rubella Salmonella Sarcoid Schistosomiasis Secondary syphilis Serratia Sinusitis Skull fracture Spirillum minor (rat bite fever) Sporothrix schenckii St. Louis encephalitis virus Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcal Group B Streptococcus pneumoniae Systemic candidiasis Systemic lupus erythematosus Toxoplasma gondii Treponema pallidum syphilis Trichinosis Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Trypanosomiasis Typhoid fever Varicella zoster virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Weil's syndrome Western encephalitis virus Western equine encephalitis Whipple's Disease Yersinia pestis

References

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