Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide

Revision as of 14:13, 1 August 2013 by Rim Halaby (talk | contribs) (Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Pulmonary embolism}} {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' Rim Halaby '''For pulmonary embolism smart algorithm click Pulmonary embolism...")
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Pulmonary Embolism Microchapters

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Overview

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Differentiating Pulmonary Embolism from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

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Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic criteria

Assessment of Clinical Probability and Risk Scores

Pulmonary Embolism Assessment of Probability of Subsequent VTE and Risk Scores

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

D-dimer

Biomarkers

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Ventilation/Perfusion Scan

Echocardiography

Compression Ultrasonography

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Rim Halaby

For pulmonary embolism smart algorithm click here

Definition

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Management

Step 1: Establish The Diagnosis Of Pulmonary Embolism

In hospitals that have experience in performing and interpreting CT pulmonary angiography, the following flowchart approach can be adopted.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Determine chances of PE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Low chance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High chance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
D-dimer
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
<500 ng/ml
 
>500 ng/ml
 
 
 
 
 
CT Pulmonary angiography
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PE excluded
 
 
 
 
 
 
Negative
 
 
Positive
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PE excluded
 
 
PE confirmed

Note: If there is a high clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism, then anticoagulation can begin with a parenteral agent such as unfractionated heparin during the process of performing the diagnostic studies.

Step 2: Use A Risk-Stratified Approach to Treat the Patient with Pulmonary Embolism

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Confirmed PE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assess Clinical
Stability
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unstable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Blood Pressure =< 90mm
Drop >=40mm for > 15 min
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assess RV function
Biomarkers of injury
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Thrombolysis
Catheter embolectomy
Surgery
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No Dysfunction
No Injury
 
Dysfunction
No Injury
 
 
Dysfunction +
Injury
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anticoagulate
Early Discharge
 
Anticoagulate
Ward admit
 
 
ICU/Thrombolytics

Step 3: Assess Treatment Response and Need for Device Based Therapy

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acute PE confirmed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anticoagulation contraindicated ?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IVC filter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk Stratification
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Low-risk PE
 
 
 
Submassive PE
 
Massive PE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anticoagulation
 
 
 
Anticoagulation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assess clinically for evidence of increased severity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Evidence of Shock (SBP <90 mmHg) or respiratory failure
 
Is Thrombolytic Contraindicated?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Surgical emblectomy or catheter based interventions
 
Hold Anticoagulation, Give Thrombolytics then resume Anticoagulations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Patient shows clinical improvement
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
 
Yes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Surgical emblectomy or catheter based interventions
 
Continue anticoagulation

References