High density lipoprotein classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
HDL is the most heterogeneous and the most complicated among the lipoproteins. HDL does not only represent one structure but rather refer to a dynamic collection of HDL subgroups which are sequentially produced. The different HDL subgroups differ in their physiochemical characteristics, lipid components, apolipoprotein types, electrophoretic mobility, density and function.[1][2]
Classification
Density
HDL has been separated by ultracentrifugation into two main classes of HDL.[3] From higher to lower:
- HDL 2 (large, density: 1.063-1.125 g/ml)
- HDL3 (small, density: 1.125-1.21 g/ml)[4]
Size
HDL has been separated on the basis of size by non denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis.[3] From larger to smaller:
- HDL2b
- HDL2a
- HDL3a
- HDL3b
- HDL3c[4]
Another classification is:
- Very large HDL particles (VL-HDL)
- Large HDL particles (L-HDL)
- Medium HDL particles (M-HDL)
- Small HDL particles (S-HDL)
- Very-small HDL particles (VS-HDL)
- Pre-β-1 HDL (role in macrophage cholesterol efflux)[1]
Apolipoprotein Content
- Lipoprotein A-I (HDL contains ApoA-I)
- Lipoprotein A-I/A-II (HDL contains ApoA-I and ApoA-II)
- Lipoprotein A-IV
- Lipoprotein E[3][4]
Surface Charge
- Pre-beta
- Pre-beta 1
- Pre-beta 2
- Pre-beta 3
- Pre-alpha
- Pre-alpha 1
- Pre-alpha 2
- Pre-alpha 3
- Alpha
- Alpha 1
- Alpha 2
- Alpha 3
Note that pre-beta<pre-alpha<alpha.
Based on Physicochemical Properties
- HDL2 density is from the Apo A-I HDL particles, whereas HDL3 density is from Apo A-I and Apo A-II.
- Many studies have postulated an association between cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissue, and Apo A-I HDL particles, whereas the HDL3 containing both Apo AI and A-II are less effective. [5] [6] [7]
- Moreover, the Apo A-II are known to disturb the metabolism of large VLDL and encourage visceral fat accumulation.
Based on NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Ray) Spectroscopy
- NMR spectroscopy gives a measure of total HDL particle concentration, which strongly associates with the carotid intima-media thickness.[8]
- It classifies HDL by their size
- Large HDL: 8.8 to 13 nm. It corresponds to the HDL 2a and 2b from the physico-chemical subgroups
- Small HDL: 7.3 to 8.2 nm. This corresponds with the HDL 3b and 3c of the physico-chemical subgroups
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Chapman MJ, Fazio S, Hussain MM, Kontush A; et al. (2011). "HDL measures, particle heterogeneity, proposed nomenclature, and relation to atherosclerotic cardiovascular events". Clin Chem. 57 (3): 392–410. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.155333. PMID 21266551.
- ↑ Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Ansell B, Barter P, Chapman MJ, Heinecke JW; et al. (2013). "Translation of High-Density Lipoprotein Function Into Clinical Practice: Current Prospects and Future Challenges". Circulation. 128 (11): 1256–1267. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.000962. PMID 24019446.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Krimbou L, Tremblay M, Davignon J, Cohn JS (1997). "Characterization of human plasma apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins in the high density lipoprotein size range: focus on pre-beta1-LpE, pre-beta2-LpE, and alpha-LpE". J Lipid Res. 38 (1): 35–48. PMID 9034198.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Rye KA, Barter PJ (2012). "Predictive value of different HDL particles for the protection against or risk of coronary heart disease". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1821 (3): 473–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.012. PMID 22051746.
- ↑ Yin K, Tang SL, Yu XH; et al. (2013). "Apolipoprotein A-I inhibits LPS-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice possibly via activated STAT3-mediated upregulation of tristetraprolin". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. doi:10.1038/aps.2013.10. PMID 23564081. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Mazer NA, Giulianini F, Paynter NP, Jordan P, Mora S (2013). "A Comparison of the Theoretical Relationship between HDL Size and the Ratio of HDL Cholesterol to Apolipoprotein A-I with Experimental Results from the Women's Health Study". Clinical Chemistry. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2012.196949. PMID 23426429. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kappelle PJ, Gansevoort RT, Hillege HJ, Wolffenbuttel BH, Dullaart RP (2013). "Common variation in cholesteryl ester transfer protein: relationship of first major adverse cardiovascular events with the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio". Journal of Clinical Lipidology. 7 (1): 56–64. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.05.003. PMID 23351584. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Huang F, Yang Z, Xu B; et al. (2013). "Both serum apolipoprotein B and the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio are associated with carotid intima-media thickness". Plos One. 8 (1): e54628. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054628. PMC 3554742. PMID 23359805.