High density lipoprotein classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
HDL is the most heterogeneous and the most complicated among the lipoproteins. HDL does not only represent one structure but rather refer to a dynamic collection of HDL subgroups which are sequentially produced. The different HDL subgroups differ in their physiochemical characteristics, lipid components, apolipoprotein types, electrophoretic mobility, density and function.[1][2]
Classification
High density lipoproteins (HDLs) may be classified based upon hydrated density, size, charge, or apolipoprotein composition given the non-uniform nature. With density gradient ultracentrifugation, HDL can be separated into HDL2, HDL3, and VHDL (very-high-density lipoprotein. Gradient gel electrophoresis may also be used to classify HDL into HDL2a, HDL2b, HDL3a, HDL3b, and HDL3c.[3] Yet another method of classifying HDL lipoprotein particles by size is nuclear magnetic resonance.[4] A more advanced technique by utilizing 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been used to resolve HDL particles in the plasma into lipid-poor pre-β-HDLs and α-HDL that contains mature spherical cholesteryl esters.[5]
Density
HDL has been separated by ultracentrifugation into two main classes of HDL.[6] Note that HDL 2 is larger and less dense whereas HDL 3 is smaller and less dense.
- HDL2 (large, density: 1.063-1.125 g/ml, size:8.8 to 13 nm)
- HDL3 (small, density: 1.125-1.21 g/ml, size:7.3 to 8.2 nm)[7]
Size
HDL has been separated on the basis of size by non denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis.[6] From larger to smaller:
- HDL2b
- HDL2a
- HDL3a
- HDL3b
- HDL3c[7]
Another classification is:
- Very large HDL particles (VL-HDL)
- Large HDL particles (L-HDL)
- Medium HDL particles (M-HDL)
- Small HDL particles (S-HDL)
- Very-small HDL particles (VS-HDL)
- Pre-β-1 HDL (role in macrophage cholesterol efflux)[1]
Apolipoprotein Content
- Lipoprotein A-I (HDL contains ApoA-I)
- Lipoprotein A-I/A-II (HDL contains ApoA-I and ApoA-II)
- Lipoprotein A-IV
- Lipoprotein E[6][7]
Surface Charge
HDL has been separated according to charge by agarose gel electrophoresis.[6]
- Pre-beta (positive)
- Pre-alpha
- Alpha (negative)
Note that pre-beta < pre-alpha < alpha.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Chapman MJ, Fazio S, Hussain MM, Kontush A; et al. (2011). "HDL measures, particle heterogeneity, proposed nomenclature, and relation to atherosclerotic cardiovascular events". Clin Chem. 57 (3): 392–410. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.155333. PMID 21266551.
- ↑ Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Ansell B, Barter P, Chapman MJ, Heinecke JW; et al. (2013). "Translation of High-Density Lipoprotein Function Into Clinical Practice: Current Prospects and Future Challenges". Circulation. 128 (11): 1256–1267. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.000962. PMID 24019446.
- ↑ Blanche, PJ.; Gong, EL.; Forte, TM.; Nichols, AV. (1981). "Characterization of human high-density lipoproteins by gradient gel electrophoresis". Biochim Biophys Acta. 665 (3): 408–19. PMID 7295744. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Rifai, Nader.; Warnick, G. Russell.; Dominiczak, Marek H. (2000). Handbook of lipoprotein testin. Washington, DC: AACC Press. ISBN 1-890883-35-2.
- ↑ Asztalos, BF.; Schaefer, EJ. (2003). "High-density lipoprotein subpopulations in pathologic conditions". Am J Cardiol. 91 (7A): 12E–17E. PMID 12679198. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Krimbou L, Tremblay M, Davignon J, Cohn JS (1997). "Characterization of human plasma apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins in the high density lipoprotein size range: focus on pre-beta1-LpE, pre-beta2-LpE, and alpha-LpE". J Lipid Res. 38 (1): 35–48. PMID 9034198.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Rye KA, Barter PJ (2012). "Predictive value of different HDL particles for the protection against or risk of coronary heart disease". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1821 (3): 473–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.012. PMID 22051746.