Mitral regurgitation causes

	Mitral Regurgitation Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Mitral Regurgitation from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Stages
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Chest X Ray
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiography
Cardiac MRI
Cardiac Catheterization
Treatment
Overview
Acute Mitral Regurgitation Treatment
Chronic Mitral Regurgitation Treatment
Surgery
Follow Up
Case Studies
Case #1
Mitral regurgitation causes On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Mitral regurgitation causes All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA onMitral regurgitation causes
CDC on Mitral regurgitation causes
Mitral regurgitation causes in the news
Blogs on Mitral regurgitation causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Mitral regurgitation
Risk calculators and risk factors for Mitral regurgitation causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [2]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [4]

Overview

Mitral regurgitation is due to either perforation or prolapse of the leaflets, dilation of the mitral annulus or rupture of the papillary muscles or chordae tendineae. The most common cause of mitral regurgitation is mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Ischemic heart disease causes mitral regurgitation by the combination of ischemic dysfunction of the papillary muscles, and the dilatation of the left ventricle. Rheumatic fever and Marfan's syndrome are other typical causes of mitral regurgitation.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Acute Mitral Regurgitation

Chronic Mitral Regurgitation

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute coronary syndrome, aortic insufficiency, atrial septal defect (ostium primum), carcinoid syndrome, cardiac myxoma, cardiac tumors, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, endocardial cushion defect, endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, infective endocarditis, ischemic heart disease, Kawasaki disease, left ventricle dialation, mitral annular calcification, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial rupture, myocarditis, NSTEMI, papillary muscle rupture, rheumatic heart disease, STEMI, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes.
Dermatologic	Psoriatic arthropathy
Drug Side Effect	3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, cabergoline, dexfenfluramine, ergotamine, fenfluramine, fluoxetine, methysergide, paroxetine, pergolide, phentermine, sertraline
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes.
Endocrine	No underlying causes.
Environmental	No underlying causes.
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes.
Genetic	Barth syndrome, Becker muscular dystrophy, Cohen syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Friedreich ataxia, Marfan's syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta, polycystic kidney disease, Pompe's disease, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Turner syndrome, X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy
Hematologic	Antiphospholipid syndrome
Iatrogenic	Balloon valvuloplasty of the mitral valve, cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cathether ablation for arrhythmias, heart surgery, pacemaker syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome, prosthetic valve dysfunction
Infectious Disease	Chagas disease, cytomegalovirus, diphtheria, ECHO virus, infective endocarditis, Lyme disease, myocarditis, pneumococcus, rheumatic fever,coxsackie B virus, rickettsial disease, staphylococcus, streptococcus
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Ankylosing spondylitis, Becker muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Marfan's syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, psoriatic arthropathy, rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic	Friedreich ataxia
Nutritional / Metabolic	Barth syndrome, Fabry disease, Pompe's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Oncologic	Carcinoid syndrome, cardiac myxoma, cardiac tumors
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes.
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes.
Psychiatric	Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary	No underlying causes.
Renal / Electrolyte	End stage renal disease, polycystic kidney disease
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan's syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, polychondritis, rheumatic heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, temporal arteritis
Sexual	No underlying causes.
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating chest trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes.
Miscellaneous	Alcoholism, athletes, functional mitral regurgitation

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Koide T, Kato A, Takabatake Y, Iizuka M, Uchida Y, Ozeki K; et al. (1980). "Variable prognosis in congestive cardiomyopathy. Role of left ventricular function, alcoholism, and pulmonary thrombosis". Jpn Heart J. 21 (4): 451–63. PMID 7420729.
↑ Scantlebury DC, Nkomo VT, Enriquez-Sarano M (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent thrombotic valve disease". J Am Coll Cardiol. 61 (23): e177. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.058. PMID 23743123.
↑ Bhattacharyya S, Schapira AH, Mikhailidis DP, Davar J (2009). "Drug-induced fibrotic valvular heart disease". Lancet. 374 (9689): 577–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60252-X. PMID 19683643.
↑ Penaranda Canal JG, Enriquez-Sarano M, Asirvatham SJ, Munger TM, Friedman PA, Suri RM (2013). "Mitral valve injury after radiofrequency ablation for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome". Circulation. 127 (25): 2551–2. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002711. PMID 23797742.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7153-6. Chapter 1: Diseases of the Cardiovascular system > Section: Valvular Heart Disease
↑ Hendrikx M, Van Dorpe J, Flameng W, Daenen W (1996). "Aortic and mitral valve disease induced by ergotamine therapy for migraine: a case report and review of the literature". J Heart Valve Dis. 5 (2): 235–7. PMID 8665020.
↑ Wilke A, Hesse H, Hufnagel G, Maisch B (1997). "Mitral, aortic and tricuspid valvular heart disease associated with ergotamine therapy for migraine". Eur Heart J. 18 (4): 701. PMID 9129909.
↑ Functional mitral regurgitation By William H Gaasch, MD. Retrieved on Jul 8, 2010
↑ Bana DS, MacNeal PS, LeCompte PM, Shah Y, Graham JR (1974). "Cardiac murmurs and endocardial fibrosis associated with methysergide therapy". Am Heart J. 88 (5): 640–55. PMID 4420941.
↑ Barold SS, Ovsyshcher IE (2005). "Pacemaker-induced mitral regurgitation". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 28 (5): 357–60. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.09486.x. PMID 15869664.
↑ Pritchett AM, Morrison JF, Edwards WD, Schaff HV, Connolly HM, Espinosa RE (2002). "Valvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide". Mayo Clin Proc. 77 (12): 1280–6. doi:10.4065/77.12.1280. PMID 12479512.
↑ Haghi D, Röhm S, Suselbeck T, Borggrefe M, Papavassiliu T (2010). "Incidence and clinical significance of mitral regurgitation in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy". Clinical Research in Cardiology : Official Journal of the German Cardiac Society. 99 (2): 93–8. doi:10.1007/s00392-009-0078-1. PMID 19774331. Retrieved 2011-04-16. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Brunetti ND, Ieva R, Rossi G, Barone N, De Gennaro L, Pellegrino PL, Mavilio G, Cuculo A, Di Biase M (2008). "Ventricular outflow tract obstruction, systolic anterior motion and acute mitral regurgitation in Tako-Tsubo syndrome". International Journal of Cardiology. 127 (3): e152–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.149. PMID 17692942. Retrieved 2011-04-16. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid7420729-1] Koide T, Kato A, Takabatake Y, Iizuka M, Uchida Y, Ozeki K; et al. (1980). "Variable prognosis in congestive cardiomyopathy. Role of left ventricular function, alcoholism, and pulmonary thrombosis". Jpn Heart J. 21 (4): 451–63. PMID 7420729.

[pmid23743123-2] Scantlebury DC, Nkomo VT, Enriquez-Sarano M (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent thrombotic valve disease". J Am Coll Cardiol. 61 (23): e177. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.058. PMID 23743123.

[pmid19683643-3] Bhattacharyya S, Schapira AH, Mikhailidis DP, Davar J (2009). "Drug-induced fibrotic valvular heart disease". Lancet. 374 (9689): 577–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60252-X. PMID 19683643.

[pmid23797742-4] Penaranda Canal JG, Enriquez-Sarano M, Asirvatham SJ, Munger TM, Friedman PA, Suri RM (2013). "Mitral valve injury after radiofrequency ablation for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome". Circulation. 127 (25): 2551–2. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002711. PMID 23797742.

[agabegi2nd-ch1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7153-6. Chapter 1: Diseases of the Cardiovascular system > Section: Valvular Heart Disease

[pmid8665020-6] Hendrikx M, Van Dorpe J, Flameng W, Daenen W (1996). "Aortic and mitral valve disease induced by ergotamine therapy for migraine: a case report and review of the literature". J Heart Valve Dis. 5 (2): 235–7. PMID 8665020.

[pmid9129909-7] Wilke A, Hesse H, Hufnagel G, Maisch B (1997). "Mitral, aortic and tricuspid valvular heart disease associated with ergotamine therapy for migraine". Eur Heart J. 18 (4): 701. PMID 9129909.

[8] Functional mitral regurgitation By William H Gaasch, MD. Retrieved on Jul 8, 2010

[pmid4420941-9] Bana DS, MacNeal PS, LeCompte PM, Shah Y, Graham JR (1974). "Cardiac murmurs and endocardial fibrosis associated with methysergide therapy". Am Heart J. 88 (5): 640–55. PMID 4420941.

[pmid15869664-10] Barold SS, Ovsyshcher IE (2005). "Pacemaker-induced mitral regurgitation". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 28 (5): 357–60. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.09486.x. PMID 15869664.

[pmid12479512-11] Pritchett AM, Morrison JF, Edwards WD, Schaff HV, Connolly HM, Espinosa RE (2002). "Valvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide". Mayo Clin Proc. 77 (12): 1280–6. doi:10.4065/77.12.1280. PMID 12479512.

[pmid19774331-12] Haghi D, Röhm S, Suselbeck T, Borggrefe M, Papavassiliu T (2010). "Incidence and clinical significance of mitral regurgitation in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy". Clinical Research in Cardiology : Official Journal of the German Cardiac Society. 99 (2): 93–8. doi:10.1007/s00392-009-0078-1. PMID 19774331. Retrieved 2011-04-16. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid17692942-13] Brunetti ND, Ieva R, Rossi G, Barone N, De Gennaro L, Pellegrino PL, Mavilio G, Cuculo A, Di Biase M (2008). "Ventricular outflow tract obstruction, systolic anterior motion and acute mitral regurgitation in Tako-Tsubo syndrome". International Journal of Cardiology. 127 (3): e152–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.149. PMID 17692942. Retrieved 2011-04-16. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]