Nephrolithiasis resident survival guide

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

• Renal Obstruction
• Renal Isquaemia
• Renal Impairment

Common Causes

• Hypercalciuria
• Hyperoxaluria
• Hypernatruria
• Hypocitraturia
• Gout
• Previous chemotherapy for Lymphoma and Leukemia
• Increced Cystine
• Drug related stones (Xantines)

Management

Diagnostic Approach

Shown below is an algorithm depicting the diagnostic approach to Nephrolithiasis based on the 2014 Review of the Cleveland Clinic, urological and kidney institute.

Characterize the symptoms: ❑ Abdominal Pain ❑ Irradiated to the lower abdomen and groin ❑ Acute pain ❑ Urinary urgency ❑ Dysuria ❑ Polyuria ❑ Vomits ❑ Nausea ❑ Malaise ❑ Fever and chills

Obtain a detailed history: ❑ History of kidney stones ❑ Personal and Family ❑ Treatment ❑ Stone analysis ❑ History of UTI or pyelonephritis ❑ Anatomic Features ❑ Horse shoe kidney ❑ Solitary kidney ❑ Obstruction of uteropelvic junction ❑ Previous Kidney or ureteral surgery ❑ Diseases such as: ❑ Hyperparathyroidism ❑ Renal tubular acidosis ❑ Cystinuria ❑ Gout ❑ Diabetes mellitus type 2 or Insulin resistance ❑ Inflammatory bowel disease ❑ Renal insufficiency ❑ Sarcoidosis ❑ Gastro-intestinal pathology ❑ Drug treatments and regular intake: ❑ Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ❑ Ephedrine ❑ Sulfadiazine ❑ Calcium and Vitamin D

Examine the patient: ❑ Measure the blood pressure ❑ Measure the heart rate ❑ Measure the temperature ❑ Abdomen ❑ Tender ❑ Painful ❑ Obesity

Order labs and tests: ❑ Urinalysis ❑ Microscopic hematuria ❑ Nitrates ❑ Leucocytes ❑ Crystalluria ❑ Hemogram ❑ Complete blood count ❑ Serum electrolytes ❑ Urea ❑ Creatinine ❑ CT ❑ Ultrasound if pregnant ❑ 24 hour urine collection analysis ❑ Calcium ❑ Phosphorus ❑ Magnesium ❑ Uric acid ❑ Oxalate

References

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