Pentoxifylline

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Pentoxifylline
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sheng Shi, M.D. [2]

Disclaimer

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Overview

Pentoxifylline is a Methylxanthine that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of treatment of patients with intermittent claudication on the basis of chronic occlusive arterial disease of the limbs. Common adverse reactions include nausea , vomiting.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Intermittent claudication
  • Dosing Information
  • 400 mg PO tid

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Alcoholic hepatitis
  • Dosing information
Cerebrovascular disease
  • Dosing information
Congestive heart failure
  • Dosing information
Adjunct treatment in the Diabetes mellitus
  • Dosing information
Proteinuria in the Diabetes mellitus
  • Dosing information
Gangrenous disorder
  • Dosing information
Male infertility
  • Dosing information
  • 800-1200 mg/day for 3 months[14]
Peyronie's disease, Early chronic
  • Dosing information
Retinal vascular occlusion
  • Dosing information
Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Dosing information
  • 400 mg PO tid

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Contraindications

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Warnings

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Warnings' in the drug label.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Clinical Trials Experience in the drug label.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Drug Interactions in the drug label.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): There is no FDA guidance on usage of Pentoxifylline in women who are pregnant.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Pentoxifylline in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Pentoxifylline during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentoxifylline in women who are nursing.

Pediatric Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentoxifylline in pediatric settings.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentoxifylline in geriatric settings.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentoxifylline with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentoxifylline with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentoxifylline in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentoxifylline in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentoxifylline in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Pentoxifylline in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Administration in the drug label.

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Monitoring in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Pentoxifylline and IV administrations.

Overdosage

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline overdosage. If you suspect drug poisoning or overdose, please contact the National Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) immediately.

Pharmacology

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Pharmacology in the drug label.

Mechanism of Action

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Mechanism of Action in the drug label.

Structure

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Structure in the drug label.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Pharmacodynamics in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Pharmacokinetics in the drug label.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Clinical Studies in the drug label.

How Supplied

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline How Supplied in the drug label.

Storage

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Pentoxifylline |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Patient Counseling Information in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Pentoxifylline interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Pentoxifylline Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. ↑ De BK, Gangopadhyay S, Dutta D, Baksi SD, Pani A, Ghosh P (2009) Pentoxifylline versus prednisolone for severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 15 (13):1613-9. PMID: 19340904
  2. ↑ Louvet A, Diaz E, Dharancy S, Coevoet H, Texier F, Thévenot T et al. (2008) Early switch to pentoxifylline in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis is inefficient in non-responders to corticosteroids. J Hepatol 48 (3):465-70. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2007.10.010 PMID: 18164508
  3. ↑ Akriviadis E, Botla R, Briggs W, Han S, Reynolds T, Shakil O (2000) Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 119 (6):1637-48. PMID: 11113085
  4. ↑ Blume J, Rùhlmann KU, de la Haye R, Rettig K (1992) Treatment of chronic cerebrovascular disease in elderly patients with pentoxifylline. J Med 23 (6):417-32. PMID: 1293252
  5. ↑ (1996) European Pentoxifylline Multi-Infarct Dementia Study. Eur Neurol 36 (5):315-21. PMID: 8864715
  6. ↑ Parnetti L, Ciuffetti G, Mercuri M, Lupattelli G, Senin U (1986) The role of haemorheological factors in the ageing brain: long-term therapy with pentoxifylline ('Trental' 400) in elderly patients with initial mental deterioration. Pharmatherapeutica 4 (10):617-27. PMID: 3602014
  7. ↑ Herskovits E, Vazquez A, Famulari A, Smud R, Tamaroff L, Fraiman H et al. (1981) Randomised trial of pentoxifylline versus acetylsalicylic acid plus dipyridamole in preventing transient ischaemic attacks. Lancet 1 (8227):966-8. PMID: 6112386
  8. ↑ Sliwa K, Skudicky D, Candy G, Bergemann A, Hopley M, Sareli P (2002) The addition of pentoxifylline to conventional therapy improves outcome in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 4 (3):305-9. PMID: 12034156
  9. ↑ Sliwa K, Skudicky D, Candy G, Wisenbaugh T, Sareli P (1998) Randomised investigation of effects of pentoxifylline on left-ventricular performance in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 351 (9109):1091-3. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09338-0 PMID: 9660578
  10. ↑ Schwartz RW, Logan NM, Johnson PJ, Strodel WE, Fine JG, Kazmers A et al. (1989) Pentoxifylline increases extremity blood flow in diabetic atherosclerotic patients. Arch Surg 124 (4):434-7. PMID: 2649042
  11. ↑ Ghorbani A, Omidvar B, Beladi-Mousavi SS, Lak E, Vaziri S (2012) The effect of pentoxifylline on reduction of proteinuria among patients with type 2 diabetes under blockade of angiotensin system: a double blind and randomized clinical trial. Nefrologia 32 (6):790-6. DOI:10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Jun.11242 PMID: 23169362
  12. ↑ Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M, Paniagua-Sierra JR, García-Bulnes G, Salas-Ramírez M, Amato D (1995) Pentoxifylline reduces proteinuria in insulin-dependent and non insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Clin Nephrol 43 (2):116-21. PMID: 7736673
  13. ↑ Carr ME, Sanders K, Todd WM (1994) Pain relief and clinical improvement temporally related to the use of pentoxifylline in a patient with documented cholesterol emboli--a case report. Angiology 45 (1):65-9. PMID: 8285387
  14. ↑ Shen MR, Chiang PH, Yang RC, Hong CY, Chen SS (1991) Pentoxifylline stimulates human sperm motility both in vitro and after oral therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 31 (6):711-4. PMID: 1867966
  15. ↑ Safarinejad MR, Asgari MA, Hosseini SY, Dadkhah F (2010) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline in early chronic Peyronie's disease. BJU Int 106 (2):240-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.09041.x PMID: 19863517
  16. ↑ De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Incandela L, Steigerwalt R, Nicolaides AN et al. (2002) Treatment of retinal vein thrombosis with pentoxifylline: a controlled, randomized trial. Angiology 53 Suppl 1 ():S35-8. PMID: 11865834
  17. ↑ Incandela L, Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Steigerwalt R, De Sanctis MT, Nicolaides AN et al. (2002) Treatment of vascular retinal disease with pentoxifylline: a controlled, randomized trial. Angiology 53 Suppl 1 ():S31-4. PMID: 11865833
Pentoxifylline
File:Pentoxifylline.png
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityNear 100% for oral dosing
MetabolismHepatic and via erythrocytes
Elimination half-life0.4 - 0.8 hours (1 - 1.6 hours for active metabolite)
ExcretionMainly urine (<4% feces)
Identifiers
CAS Number
E number{{#property:P628}}
ECHA InfoCard{{#property:P2566}}Lua error in Module:EditAtWikidata at line 36: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H18N4O3
Molar mass278.31

Pentoxifylline is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of a drug sold by Aventis under the name Trental. Its chemical name is 1-(5-oxohexyl)-3, 7-dimethylxanthine. Pentoxifylline is a xanthine derivative.

This drug is passed into the breast milk. Animal studies have shown no evidence of teratogenicity at high doses.

Uses

It is used to treat intermittent claudication resulting from obstructed arteries in the limbs, and vascular dementia.[1]

Pentoxifylline improves blood flow through blood vessels and therefore helps with blood circulation in the arms and legs (e.g. intermittent claudication).

It also helps prevent strokes, can be used in managing sickle cell disease and improves blood flow to the brain.

Pentoxifylline has also been used to treat nausea and headaches in the mountains (altitude sickness).

Mechanism

Pentoxifylline is a PDE4 inhibitor increasing intracellular cAMP and stimulating PKA activity.

It is also a known inhibitor of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Drug interaction

Co-administration of pentoxifylline and sodium thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary oedema in rats.[2]


Alternate brand names

References

  1. ↑ (1996) European Pentoxifylline Multi-Infarct Dementia Study. Eur Neurol. 36(5):315-21. PMID 8864715
  2. ↑ Pereda J, Gómez-Cambronero L, Alberola A, Fabregat G, Cerdá M, Escobar J, Sabater L, García-de-la-Asunción J, Viña J, Sastre J. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Oct;149(4):450-5. Epub 2006 Sep 4.PMID: 16953192.

External links

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