Aortic insufficiency stages
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]
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Aortic Regurgitation Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Acute Aortic regurgitation |
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Overview
According to the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease, aortic insufficiency has 4 stages based on the valve's anatomy, hemodynamics and the patients symptoms.
Stages
Shown below is a table summarizing the stages of aortic regurgitation (AR) according to the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease.[1]
Abbreviations: AR: aortic regurgitation; HF: heart failure; IE: infective endocarditis; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; Jet/LVOT : jet width and LVOT ratio
| STAGE | DEFINITION | VALVE ANATOMY | VALVE HEMODYNAMICS | HEMODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES | SYMPTOMS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | At risk of AR | • Bicuspid valve • Valve sclerosis • History of rheumatic fever • Infective endocarditis |
• No regurgitation | • None | • None |
| B | Progressive AR | • Mild-to-moderate calcification • Rheumatic valve changes • Dilatation of aortic sinuses • Infective endocarditis |
• Mild regurgitation:
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• Normal LV systolic function • Normal LV volume or mild LV dilation |
• None |
| C | Asymptomatic severe | • Calcific aortic valve disease • Rheumatic valve changes • Bicuspid valve • Dilated aortic sinuses • Infective endocarditis with abnormal leaflet closure |
• Severe regurgitation
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• C1: Normal LVEF and mild to moderate LV dilatation • C2: LV systolic dysfunction with decreased LVEF or severe LV dilatation |
• None • Exercise testing to confirm symptom status |
| D | Symptomatic severe | • Calcific aortic valve disease • Rheumatic valve changes • Dilated aortic sinuses • Infective endocarditis with abnormal leaflet closure |
• Severe regurgitation
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• Normal or decreased systolic function • Moderate to severe LV dilatation |
• Exertional dyspnea • Exertional angina • HF symptoms
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References
- ↑ Nishimura, R. A.; Otto, C. M.; Bonow, R. O.; Carabello, B. A.; Erwin, J. P.; Guyton, R. A.; O'Gara, P. T.; Ruiz, C. E.; Skubas, N. J.; Sorajja, P.; Sundt, T. M.; Thomas, J. D. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000031. ISSN 0009-7322.