Autophagy-related protein 7 is a protein in humans encoded by ATG7gene.[1][2] Related to GSA7; APG7L; APG7-LIKE.[2]
ATG 7, present in both plant and animal genomes, acts as an essential protein for cell degradation and its recycling.[3][4] The sequence associates with the ubiquitin- proteasome system, UPS, required for the unique development of an autophagosomal membrane and fusion within cells.[5]
ATG7 was identified based on homology to yeast cells Pichia pastoris GSA7 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae APG7. The protein appears to be required for fusion of peroxisomal and vacuolar membranes.[6][6]
Autophagy is an important cellular process that helps in maintaining homeostasis. It goes through destroying and recycling the cytoplasmic organelles and macromolecules. During the initiation of autophagy, ATG7 acts like an E-1 enzyme for ubiquitin-like proteins (UBL) such as ATG12 and ATG8. ATG7 helps these UBL proteins in targeting their molecule by binding to them and activating their transfer to an E-2 enzyme. ATG7's role in both of these autophagy-specific UBL systems makes it an essential regulator of autophagosome assembly.[7]
Homologous to the ATP-binding and catalytic sites of E1 activator proteins, ATG7 uses its cysteine residue to create a thiol-ester bond with free Ubiquitin molecules.[5][8] Through UPS, Ubiquitin will continue to bind to other autophagy-related proteins, E2 conjugation proteins and E3 protein ligases, to attach Ubiquitins to a target substrate to induce autophagy.[9]
ATG 7 is often associated with ATG12/ ATG5 sequenced ubiquitination cascade. As well in presence of p53 cell cycle pathways during stressed and nutrient poor environments.[10][10][11]
↑Lecker SH, Goldberg AL, Mitch WE (July 2006). "Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 17 (7): 1807–19. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006010083. PMID16738015.
↑Das S (February 2018). "Unraveling the CNOT: A new player in the autophagy-cell death nexus". Science Signaling. 11 (516). doi:10.1126/scisignal.aar6364. PMID29438015.
Further reading
Tanida I, Tanida-Miyake E, Komatsu M, Ueno T, Kominami E (April 2002). "Human Apg3p/Aut1p homologue is an authentic E2 enzyme for multiple substrates, GATE-16, GABARAP, and MAP-LC3, and facilitates the conjugation of hApg12p to hApg5p". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (16): 13739–44. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200385200. PMID11825910.
Tanida I, Tanida-Miyake E, Nishitani T, Komatsu M, Yamazaki H, Ueno T, Kominami E (March 2002). "Murine Apg12p has a substrate preference for murine Apg7p over three Apg8p homologs". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 292 (1): 256–62. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6645. PMID11890701.
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y (December 2002). "Mouse Apg10 as an Apg12-conjugating enzyme: analysis by the conjugation-mediated yeast two-hybrid method". FEBS Letters. 532 (3): 450–4. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03739-0. PMID12482611.
Nemoto T, Tanida I, Tanida-Miyake E, Minematsu-Ikeguchi N, Yokota M, Ohsumi M, Ueno T, Kominami E (October 2003). "The mouse APG10 homologue, an E2-like enzyme for Apg12p conjugation, facilitates MAP-LC3 modification". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (41): 39517–26. doi:10.1074/jbc.m300550200. PMID12890687.
Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Hayashi K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto J, Wakamatsu A, Kimura K, Sakamoto K, Hatano N, Kawai Y, Ishii S, Saito K, Kojima S, Sugiyama T, Ono T, Okano K, Yoshikawa Y, Aotsuka S, Sasaki N, Hattori A, Okumura K, Nagai K, Sugano S, Isogai T (2007). "Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries". DNA Research. 12 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1093/dnares/12.2.117. PMID16303743.
Tanida I, Sou YS, Minematsu-Ikeguchi N, Ueno T, Kominami E (June 2006). "Atg8L/Apg8L is the fourth mammalian modifier of mammalian Atg8 conjugation mediated by human Atg4B, Atg7 and Atg3". The FEBS Journal. 273 (11): 2553–62. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05260.x. PMID16704426.
