CA9

Carbonic anhydrase IX
Identifiers
Symbols	CA9 ; CAIX; MN
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 20325
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Cellular component Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Carbonic anhydrase IX, also known as CA9, is a human gene.

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA IX is a transmembrane protein and the only tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme known. It is expressed in all clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, but is not detected in normal kidney or most other normal tissues. It may be involved in cell proliferation and transformation. This gene was mapped to 17q21.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization, however, radiation hybrid mapping localized it to 9p13-p12.

Further reading

• Nishimori I, Onishi S (2001). "Carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the human pancreas". Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 33 (1): 68–74. PMID 11303978.
• Pastoreková S, Závadová Z, Kostál M; et al. (1992). "A novel quasi-viral agent, MaTu, is a two-component system". Virology. 187 (2): 620–6. PMID 1312272.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Pastorek J, Pastoreková S, Callebaut I; et al. (1994). "Cloning and characterization of MN, a human tumor-associated protein with a domain homologous to carbonic anhydrase and a putative helix-loop-helix DNA binding segment". Oncogene. 9 (10): 2877–88. PMID 8084592.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Závada J, Závadová Z, Pastoreková S; et al. (1993). "Expression of MaTu-MN protein in human tumor cultures and in clinical specimens". Int. J. Cancer. 54 (2): 268–74. PMID 8486430.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Opavský R, Pastoreková S, Zelník V; et al. (1996). "Human MN/CA9 gene, a novel member of the carbonic anhydrase family: structure and exon to protein domain relationships". Genomics. 33 (3): 480–7. PMID 8661007.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Pastoreková S, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK; et al. (1997). "Carbonic anhydrase IX, MN/CA IX: analysis of stomach complementary DNA sequence and expression in human and rat alimentary tracts". Gastroenterology. 112 (2): 398–408. PMID 9024293.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Saarnio J, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK; et al. (1998). "Immunohistochemistry of carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX (MN/CA IX) in human gut reveals polarized expression in the epithelial cells with the highest proliferative capacity". J. Histochem. Cytochem. 46 (4): 497–504. PMID 9524195.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ivanov SV, Kuzmin I, Wei MH; et al. (1998). "Down-regulation of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by wild-type von Hippel-Lindau transgenes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (21): 12596–601. PMID 9770531.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Nakagawa Y, Uemura H, Hirao Y; et al. (1998). "Radiation hybrid mapping of the human MN/CA9 locus to chromosome band 9p12-p13". Genomics. 53 (1): 118–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5483. PMID 9787087.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Grabmaier K, Vissers JL, De Weijert MC; et al. (2000). "Molecular cloning and immunogenicity of renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250". Int. J. Cancer. 85 (6): 865–70. PMID 10709109.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kivelä AJ, Parkkila S, Saarnio J; et al. (2001). "Expression of transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes IX and XII in normal human pancreas and pancreatic tumours". Histochem. Cell Biol. 114 (3): 197–204. PMID 11083462.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wingo T, Tu C, Laipis PJ, Silverman DN (2001). "The catalytic properties of human carbonic anhydrase IX". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288 (3): 666–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5824. PMID 11676494.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kivela AJ, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ; et al. (2001). "Differential expression of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases, CA I and II, and membrane-associated isozymes, CA IX and XII, in normal mucosa of large intestine and in colorectal tumors". Dig. Dis. Sci. 46 (10): 2179–86. PMID 11680594.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E; et al. (2002). "Hypoxia-regulated carbonic anhydrase-9 (CA9) relates to poor vascularization and resistance of squamous cell head and neck cancer to chemoradiotherapy". Clin. Cancer Res. 7 (11): 3399–403. PMID 11705854.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Grabmaier K, de Weijert M, Uemura H; et al. (2002). "Renal cell carcinoma-associated G250 methylation and expression: in vivo and in vitro studies". Urology. 60 (2): 357–62. PMID 12137853.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kaluz S, Kaluzová M, Chrastina A; et al. (2002). "Lowered oxygen tension induces expression of the hypoxia marker MN/carbonic anhydrase IX in the absence of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha stabilization: a role for phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase". Cancer Res. 62 (15): 4469–77. PMID 12154057.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Swinson DE, Jones JL, Richardson D; et al. (2003). "Carbonic anhydrase IX expression, a novel surrogate marker of tumor hypoxia, is associated with a poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer". J. Clin. Oncol. 21 (3): 473–82. PMID 12560438.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Bui MH, Seligson D, Han KR; et al. (2003). "Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (2): 802–11. PMID 12576453.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)