Cardiomyopathy 2023 ESC Guideline Recommendations
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[2]
2023 ESC Guideline Recommendations [1]
Recommendations for the Provision of Service of Multidisciplinary Cardiomyopathy Teams
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. It is recommended that all patients with cardiomyopathy and their relatives have access to multidisciplinary teams with expertise in the diagnosis and management of cardiomyopathies. | C |
| 2. Timely and adequate preparation for transition of care from pediatric to adult services, including joint consultations, is recommended in all adolescents with cardiomyopathy. | C |
Recommendations for Diagnostic Work-up in Cardiomyopathies
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. It is recommended that all patients with suspected or established cardiomyopathy undergo systematic evaluation using a multiparametric approach that includes clinical evaluation, pedigree analysis, ECG, Holter monitoring, laboratory tests, and multimodality imaging. | C |
| 2. It is recommended that all patients with suspected cardiomyopathy undergo evaluation of family history and that a three- to four-generation family tree is created to aid in diagnosis, provide clues to underlying etiology, determine inheritance pattern, and identify at- risk relatives | C |
Recommendations for Laboratory Tests in the Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathies
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Routine (first-level) laboratory tests are recommended in all patients with suspected or confirmed cardiomyopathy to evaluate etiology, assess disease severity, and aid in detection of extra-cardiac manifestations and assessment of secondary organ dysfunction. | C |
Recommendations for Echocardiographic Evaluation in Patients with Cardiomyopathies
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. A comprehensive evaluation of cardiac dimensions and LV and RV systolic (global and regional) and LV diastolic function is recommended in all patients with cardiomyopathy at initial evaluation, and during follow-up, to monitor disease progression and aid risk stratification and management. | B |
Recommendations for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Indication in Patients with Cardiomyopathies
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Contrast-enhanced CMR is recommended in patients with cardiomyopathy at initial evaluation. | B |
Recommendations for Computed Tomography and Nuclear Imaging
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. DPD/PYP/HMDP bone-tracer scintigraphy is recommended in patients with suspected ATTR-related cardiac amyloidosis to aid diagnosis. | B |
Recommendations for Genetic Counselling and Testing in Cardiomyopathies
| Genetic Counselling | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Genetic counselling, provided by an appropriately trained healthcare professional and including genetic education to inform decision-making and psychosocial support, is recommended for families with an inherited or suspected inherited cardiomyopathy, regardless of whether genetic testing is being considered. | B |
| 2. It is recommended that genetic testing for cardiomyopathy is performed with access to a multidisciplinary team, including those with
expertise in genetic testing methodology, sequence variant interpretation, and clinical application of genetic testing, typically in a specialized cardiomyopathy service or in a network model with access to equivalent expertise. |
B |
| 3. Pre- and post-test genetic counselling is recommended in all individuals undergoing genetic testing for cardiomyopathy. | C |
| Index Patients | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1.Genetic testing is recommended in patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for cardiomyopathy in cases where it enables diagnosis,
prognostication], therapeutic stratification, or reproductive management of the patient, or where it enables cascade genetic evaluation of their relatives who would otherwise be enrolled into long-term surveillance. |
B |
| 2. Genetic testing is recommended for a deceased individual identified to have cardiomyopathy at post-mortem if a genetic diagnosis would facilitate management of surviving relatives. | C |
| Family Members | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. It is recommended that cascade genetic testing, with pre- and post-test counselling, is offered to adult at-risk relatives if a confident genetic diagnosis (i.e. a P/LP variant) has been established in an individual with cardiomyopathy in the family (starting with first-degree relatives if available, and cascading out sequentially). | B |
| Class III | Level of Evidence |
| 2. Diagnostic genetic testing is not recommended in a phenotype-negative relative of a patient with cardiomyopathy in the absence of a confident genetic diagnosis (i.e. a P/LP variant) in the family. | C |
Recommendations for Cardiac Implantation in Patients with Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Orthotopic cardiac transplantation is recommended for eligible cardiomyopathy patients with advanced heart failure (NYHA class III–IV) or intractable ventricular arrhythmia refractory to medical/invasive/device therapy, and who do not have absolute contraindications. | C |
| 2. It is recommended that all patients with suspected cardiomyopathy undergo evaluation of family history and that a three- to four-generation family tree is created to aid in diagnosis, provide clues to underlying etiology, determine inheritance pattern, and identify at- risk relatives | C |
Recommendations for Management of Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter in Patients with Cardiomyopathy
| Anticoagulation | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Oral anticoagulation in order to reduce the risk of stroke and thromboembolic events is recommended in all patients with HCM or cardiac amyloidosis and AF or atrial flutter (unless contraindicated). | B |
| 2. Oral anticoagulation to reduce the risk of stroke and thromboembolic events is recommended in patients with DCM, NDLVC, or ARVC, and AF or atrial flutter with a CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 in men or ≥3 in women. | B |
| Control of symptoms and heart failure | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1.Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation is recommended forrhythm control after one failed or intolerant class I or III AAD to improve symptoms of AF recurrences in patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF and cardiomyopathy. | B |
| 2. Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation is recommended to reverse LV dysfunction in AF patients with cardiomyopathy when a
tachycardia-induced component is highly probable, independent of their symptom status. |
B |
| Comorbidities and associated risk factor management | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Modification of an unhealthy lifestyle and targeted therapy of intercurrent conditions is recommended to reduce AF burden and symptom severity in patients with cardiomyopathy. | B |
Recommendations for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Patients with Cardiomyopathy
| General Recommendations | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator is only recommended in patients who have an expectation of good qualitysurvival >1 year. | C |
2. It is recommended that ICD implantation be guided by shared decision-making that:
|
C |
| 3. It is recommended that prior to ICD implantation, patients are counselled on the risk of inappropriate shocks, implant complications, and the social, occupational, and driving implications of the device. | C |
| Class III | Level of Evidence |
| 4. It is not recommended to implant an ICD in patients with incessant ventricular arrhythmias until the ventricular arrhythmia is controlled. | C |
| Secondary Prevention | |
| Implantation of an ICD is recommended: | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
|
B |
|
C |
| Primary Prevention | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Comprehensive SCD risk stratification is recommended in all cardiomyopathy patients who have not suffered a previous cardiac arrest/ sustained ventricular arrhythmia at initial evaluation and at 1–2 year intervals, or whenever there is a change in clinical status. | C |
| 2. The use of validated SCD algorithms/scores as aids to the shared decision-making when offering ICD implantation, where available is recommended in patients with HCM. | B |
| Choice of ICD | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. When an ICD is indicated, it is recommended to evaluate whether the patient could benefit from CRT. | A |
Recommendations for Routine Follow-up of Patients with Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. It is recommended that all clinically-stable patients with cardiomyopathy undergo routine follow-up using a multi-parametric approach that includes ECG and echocardiography every 1–2 years. | C |
| 2. Clinical evaluation with ECG and multimodality imaging is recommended in patients with cardiomyopathy whenever there is a substantial or unexpected change in symptoms. | C |
Recommendations for Family Screening and Follow-up Evaluation of Relatives
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Following cascade genetic testing, clinical evaluation using a multi-parametric approach that includes ECG and cardiac imaging and long-term follow-up is recommended in first-degree relatives who have the same disease-causing variant as the proband. | B |
| 2. Following cascade genetic testing, it is recommended that first-degree relatives without a phenotype who do not have the same disease-causing variant as the proband are discharged from further follow-up but advised to seek re-assessment if they develop symptoms or when new clinically relevant data emerge in the family. | C |
| 3. It is recommended that when no P/LP variant is identified in the proband or genetic testing is not performed, an initial clinical evaluation using a multi-parametric approach that includes ECG and cardiac imaging is performed in first-degree relatives. | C |
Recommendations for Psychological Support in Patients and Family Members with Cardiomyopathies
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. It is recommended that psychological support by an appropriately trained health professional be offered to all individuals who have experienced the premature sudden cardiac death of a family member with cardiomyopathy. | B |
| 2. It is recommended that psychological support by an appropriately trained health professional be offered to all individuals with an inherited cardiomyopathy who receive an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. | B |
Recommendation for Evaluation of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. In all patients with HCM, at initial evaluation, transthoracic 2D and Doppler echocardiography are recommended, at rest and during Valsalva maneuver in the sitting and semi-supine positions — and then on standing if no gradient is provoked—to detect LVOTO. | B |
| 2. In symptomatic patients with HCM and a resting or provoked peak instantaneous LV outflow tract gradient <50 mmHg, 2D and Doppler echocardiography during exercise in the standing, sitting (when possible), or semi-supine position are recommended to detect provocable LVOTO and exercise-induced mitral regurgitation. | B |
Recommendations for Septal Reduction Therapy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. It is recommended that SRT be performed by experienced operators working as part of a multidisciplinary team expert in the management
of HCM. |
C |
| 2. SRT to improve symptoms is recommended in patients with a resting or maximum provoked LVOT gradient of ≥50 mmHg who are in
NYHA/Ross functional class III–IV, despite maximum tolerated medical therapy. |
B |
| 2. Septal myectomy, rather than ASA, is recommended in children with an indication for SRT, as well as in adult patients with an indication for SRT and other lesions requiring surgical intervention (e.g. mitral valve abnormalities). | C |
Additional Recommendations for Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
| Secondary Prevention | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Implantation of an ICD is recommended in patients who have survived a cardiac arrest due to VT or VF, or who have spontaneous sustained VT with hemodynamic compromise. | B |
| Primary Prevention | |
| 1. The HCM Risk-SCD calculator is recommended as a method of estimating risk of sudden death at 5 years in patients aged ≥16 years for | B |
| 2. Validated pediatric-specific risk-prediction models (e.g. HCM Risk-Kids) are recommended as a method of estimating risk of sudden death
at 5 years in patients aged <16 years for primary prevention. |
B |
| 3. It is recommended that the 5-year risk of SCD be assessed at first evaluation and re-evaluated at 1–2 year intervals or whenever there is a
change in clinical status. |
B |
Recommendations for an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
| Secondary Prevention | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. An ICD is recommended to reduce the risk of sudden death and all-cause mortality in patients with DCM who have survived a cardiac arrest or have recovered from a ventricular arrhythmia causing hemodynamic instability. | B |
Recommendation for Resting and Ambulatory Electrocardiogram Monitoring in Patients with Non-Dilated Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Ambulatory ECG monitoring is recommended in patients with NDLVC annually or when there is a change in clinical status, to aid in
management and risk stratification. |
C |
Recommendations for an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Patients with Non-Dilated Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. An ICDis recommended to reduce the risk of sudden death and all-cause mortality in patientswith NDLVC who have survived a cardiac arrest or have recovered from a ventricular arrhythmia causing hemodynamic instability. | C |
Recommendation for Resting and Ambulatory Electrocardiogram Monitoring in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Annual ambulatory ECG monitoring is recommended in patients with ARVC to aid in diagnosis, management, and risk stratification. | C |
Recommendations for the Anti-arrhythmic Management of Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Beta-blocker therapy is recommended in ARVC patients with VE, NSVT, and VT. | C |
Recommendations for Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
| Secondary Prevention | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. An ICD is recommended to reduce the risk of sudden death and all-cause mortality in patients with ARVC who have survived a cardiac arrest or have recovered from a ventricular arrhythmia causing hemodynamic instability. | A |
Recommendations for the Management of Patients with Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. It is recommended that multimodality imaging be used to differentiate RCM from HCM or DCM with restrictive physiology. | C |
| 2. It is recommended that baseline cardiac and non-cardiac investigations are performed to assess involvement of the neuromuscular system
or other syndromic disorders. |
C |
| 3. Cardiac catheterization is recommended in all children with RCM to measure pulmonary artery pressures and PVR at diagnosis and at 6–12 monthly intervals to assess change in PVR. | B |
| 4. ICD implantation is recommended to reduce the risk of sudden death and all-cause mortality in patients with RCM who have survived a cardiac arrest or have recovered from a ventricular arrhythmia causing hemodynamic instability. | C |
Exercise Recommendations for Cardiomyopathy Patients
| All cardiomyopathies | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Regular low- to moderate-intensity exercise is recommended in all able individuals with cardiomyopathy. | C |
| 2. An individualized risk assessment for exercise prescription is recommended in all patients with cardiomyopathy. | C |
| HCM | |
| Class III | Level of Evidence |
| 1. High-intensity exercise, including competitive sport, is not recommended in high-risk individuals and in individuals with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and exercise-induced complex ventricular arrhythmias. | C |
| ARVC | |
| Class III | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Moderate- and/or high-intensity exercise, including competitive sport, is not recommended in individuals with ARVC. | B |
| DCM and NDLVC | |
| Class III | Level of Evidence |
| 1. High-intensity exercise, including competitive sport, is not recommended in symptomatic individuals those with a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%, exercise-induced arrhythmias, or pathogenic variants in LMNA or TMEM43. | C |
Recommendations for Reproductive Issues in Patients with Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Pre-pregnancy risk assessment and counseling are recommended in all women using the mWHO classification of maternal risk. | C |
| 2. Counseling on safe and effective contraception is recommended in all women of fertile age and their partners. | C |
| 3. Counseling on the risk of disease inheritance is recommended for all men and women before conception. | C |
| 4. Vaginal delivery is recommended in most women with cardiomyopathies, unless there are obstetric indications for cesarean section, severe heart failure (EF <30% or NYHA class III–IV), or severe outflow tract obstructions, or in women presenting in labour on oral anticoagulants. | C |
| 5. It is recommended that medication be carefully reviewed for safety in advance of pregnancy and adjusted according to tolerability in | C |
| 6. Therapeutic anticoagulation with LMWH or VKAs according to the stage of pregnancy is recommended for patients with AF. | C |
Exercise Recommendations for Cardiomyopathy Patients
| All cardiomyopathies | |
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Regular low- to moderate-intensity exercise is recommended in all able individuals with cardiomyopathy. | C |
| 2. An individualized risk assessment for exercise prescription is recommended in all patients with cardiomyopathy. | C |
| HCM | |
| Class III | Level of Evidence |
| 1. High-intensity exercise, including competitive sport, is not recommended in high-risk individuals and in individuals with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and exercise-induced complex ventricular arrhythmias. | C |
| ARVC | |
| Class III | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Moderate- and/or high-intensity exercise, including competitive sport, is not recommended in individuals with ARVC. | B |
| DCM and NDLVC | |
| Class III | Level of Evidence |
| 1. High-intensity exercise, including competitive sport, is not recommended in symptomatic individuals those with a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%, exercise-induced arrhythmias, or pathogenic variants in LMNA or TMEM43. | C |
Recommendations for Non-Cardiac surgery in Patients with Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Peri-operative ECG monitoring is recommended for all patients with cardiomyopathy undergoing surgery. | C |
| 2. In patients with cardiomyopathy and suspected or known HF scheduled for intermediate or high-risk NCS, it is recommended to
re-evaluate LV function with echocardiography (assessing LVOTO in HCM patients) and measurement of NT-proBNP/BNP levels, unless this has recently been performed. |
C |
| 3. It is recommended that cardiomyopathy patients with high-risk genotypes or associated factors for arrhythmicor heart failure
complications or severe LVOTO be referred for additional specialized investigations to a cardiomyopathy unit before undergoing elective NCS. |
C |
| 4. In patients aged <65 years with a first-degree relative with a cardiomyopathy, it is recommended to perform an ECG and TTE before NCS, regardless of symptoms. | C |
Recommendation for Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Cardiomyopathy
| Class I | Level of Evidence |
| 1. Identification and management of risk factors and concomitant diseases is recommended as an integral part of the management of | C |
References
- ↑ Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C; et al. (2023). "2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies". Eur Heart J. 44 (37): 3503–3626. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194. PMID 37622657 Check
|pmid=value (help).