Cervical spine disorder
Editor in Chief: Liudvikas Jagminas, M.D., FACEP [1] Phone: 401-729-2419
Overview
Cervical Spine Disorders are illnesses that are relatively detrimental to ones physical health. These ailments exist in the cervical spine which is made up of the upper first seven vertebrae, encasing and shielding the Spinal cord. This fragment of the spine starts from the region above the shoulder blades and ends by supporting and connecting the Skull.[1] The cervical spine contains many different anatomic compositions, including muscles, bones, ligaments, and joints. All of these structures have nerve endings that can detect painful problems when they occur. Such nerves supply muscular control and sensations to the skull and arms while correspondingly providing our bodies with flexibility and motion [1]. However, if the cervical spine is injured it can cause many minor or traumatic problems, and although these injuries vary specifically they are more commonly known as "cervical spine disorders" as a whole. [1]
Symptoms
It is through upper frontal chest discomfort (also known as cervical angina) and scapular pains which signs of cervical spine disorders are shown. In 1937 a man named Oille was the first to state that these chest pains originated from the cervical nerve root.[2] This new outlook helped shed light on exactly what signs indicated the beginning of these ailments for those suffering from cervical spine disorders. It is now recognized that these patients feel pain, numbness, discomfort, and weakness along with neurological symptoms. [2]
Numbness
Numbness occurs when one develops a “pinched” nerve not allowing for the flow of electrical chargers, which may result in the death of the nerve fiber.[3]
Weakness
An individual becomes weak due to the compression of nerves encompassing cervical spine disorders, thus resulting in the inability to move or use arms. [3] Those who suffer from such symptoms should seek medical treatment as soon as possible [3].
Age Factors
The Elderly
Because of such symptoms, people often mistake cervical spine disorder indicators for coronary artery disease, and although individuals of any age can develop spine threatening injuries, the people that are affected by it the most are the elderly. This is because as one ages spinal discs that absorb any type of shock wear out increasing elders chances of developing degenerative alterations in their cervical spine [3].
The Young
Patients younger than eight years old with cervical spinal cord casualties have an increased chance of dying while those older than eight years have similar effects as adults. They are usually immobilized from the shoulder up until consciousness is regained and symptoms are gone [5].
Effects
If not treated right away, there are many consequences and pains various cervical spine disorders can cause.[1]
Neck pains
Pains in the neck area tend to be tenacious and persistent and most muscles in the cervical spinal region tighten causing for discomfort. [1]
Headaches
Headaches are further triggered through the stiffness of neck muscles, which pull at their attachment to the skull. These headaches are recurrent in nature and start from the base of the skull and emanate upwards; they can be painful or mild. [1]
Arm pains
Muscular spasms within the arm are further common symptoms in which such spasms are seen right above the collarbones and pressure is placed on the Brachial plexus causing arms to feel heavy and ache. [1]
Difficulty walking
Hardships arise with cervical spinal injuries when issues with walking, balancing, and posture are affected all due to the spinal cord being compressed resulting in Myelopathy. [3]
Those with extremely severe outcomes may result in:
Treatments
Chiropractor and neck fixation remedies these pains permanently or for a short period of time but since nerves are involved surgery most likely will be needed. [2]. If one’s symptoms are mild, treatments like Massage, Exercise, and Stress management will suffice in reducing pain and pressure, but those with more severe symptoms are told to undergo unique therapies based on their exact situation. These patients most likely will have their postures and spine alignment fixed, and/or treatments like electrical stimulation may be used to help in reducing pain and aid in flexibility. Medicine, epidural injections and surgeries are also implemented to treat such a disorder.[1]
Examinations
During doctor visits, functions like the movement of arms and legs are tested along with checking surrounding areas to pin point any numbness or tingling. The spine is consequently examined for its range of motion and any pain that may arise from movement. Basic blood work assessment is further used to spot spinal cord diseases, and radiographic tests are done to view images of the spine. These tests reveal any degenerative changes and determine the details of each nerve, bone, and discs, and they are done through MRI’s, X-rays, and CT scans. The most detailed and specific testing is electrodiagnostic, which helps to disclose whether the appropriate electrical signals are being sent to each muscle from the nerves. This aids in uncovering where exactly a problem may lie[1]. Furthermore, tomographic tests are able to provide detailed valuations of cervical spine and the injuries and use Magnetic resonance imaging but increase a patients exposure to radiation.[5]
Further disorders
There are several conditions and syndromes that can affect the cervical spine and they all vary due to the difference in place and type of injury.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Those infected with rheumatoid arthritis in their cervical spine are known to have neurological deficits. It results in occipital pain and myelopathy. [6]
Occipito-Cervical junction
This disorder may result from rheumatoid arthritis, causing the hyper-mobility of the connection between the neck and head, resulting in paralysis or pain.[8]
Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease is a type of cervical spine disorder that can cause tetraplegia.[7]
Subaxial cervical spine
Atlanto-Axial joint
See also
References
- ↑ Neck pain and cervical spine disorders. Minneapolis Clinic of Neurology. Retrieved from http://www.minneapolisclinic.com/medical-services/120-neck-paincervical-spine-disorders.html
- ↑ Nakajima, H., Uchida, K., Kobayashi, S., Kokubo, Y., Yayama, T., et al. (2006). Cervical angina: A seemingly still neglected symptom of cervical spine disorder? Spinal Cord. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/229343382/13D371AE45C59EDCD50/2?accountid=14771
- ↑ Cervical spine disorder. "Medtronic". Retrieved from http://wwwp.medtronic.com/Newsroom/LinkedItemDetails.do?itemId=1169645895363&itemType=backgrounder&lang=en_IN
- ↑ Hermann, K. M., & Reese, C. S. (2001). Relationships among selected measures of impairment, functional limitation, and disability in patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical Therapy. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/223115626/fulltextPDF/13D371AE45C59EDCD50/40?accountid=14771
- ↑ Dormans, J. P. (2002). Evaluation of children with suspected cervical spine injury. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/205129467/13D371AE45C59EDCD50/55?accountid=14771
- ↑ Neo, M. (2008). Treatment of upper cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Modern Rheumatology. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/232743067/13D371AE45C59EDCD50/1?accountid=14771
- ↑ McCormick, M. T., Robinson, H. K., Bone, I., McLean, A. N., & Allan, D. B. (2007). Blunt cervical spine trauma as a cause of spinal cord injury and delayed cortical blindness. Spinal Cord. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/229343756/13D371AE45C59EDCD50/119?accountid=14771
- ↑ Degenerative spine disorders. Retrieved from http://neurosurgery.ucsf.edu/index.php/spine_disorders_cervical.html