Cervicitis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[2] Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [3]
Overview
Cervicitis is caused by infectious [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and non-infectious causes. The infectious causes are most commonly caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea, with chlamydia accounting for the majority of cases. Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex (especially primary HSV-2 infection), or M. genitalium are less common causes of cervicitis. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include: intrauterine devices, contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to spermicides or latex condoms.
Causes
Cervicitis may be caused by infectious and non-infectious causes.
Common Causes
The most common causes of infectious cervicitis are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Gonorrhea
- Herpes simplex virus (genital herpes) mostly type 2
- Human papillomavirus (genital warts)
- Mycoplasma genitalium
- Trichomoniasis
Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include:
- Contraceptive creams
- Intrauterine device
- Local trauma to the cervix
Persistent Cervicitis
- Reinfection with C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae is not the cause in majority of persistent cases.
- Factors responsible for persistent infection include:
- Abnormality of vaginal flora,
- M. genitalium
- Douching
- Exposure to other types of chemical irritants
- Dysplasia
- Idiopathic inflammation in the zone of ectopy
Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
Chemical / poisoning | No underlying causes |
Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
Endocrine | No underlying causes |
Environmental | No underlying causes |
Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
Genetic | No underlying causes |
Hematologic | No underlying causes |
Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
Infectious Disease | Bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia trachomatis, fungi, herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, mycoplasma genitalium, neisseria gonorrhoeae, parasites, streptococci group A, trichomonas vaginalis, tuberculosis, viruses |
Musculoskeletal / Ortho | No underlying causes |
Neurologic | No underlying causes |
Nutritional / Metabolic | No underlying causes |
Obstetric / Gynecologic | Nabothian cyst |
Oncologic | Malignancy |
Opthalmologic | No underlying causes |
Overdose / Toxicity | No underlying causes |
Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
Renal / Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
Rheum / Immune / Allergy | Behcet's syndrome, contraceptive creams, latex condom, reactive arthritis, Reiter's Disease, spermicides, systemic inflammatory diseases |
Sexual | No underlying causes |
Trauma | Cervical cap, contraceptive diaphragm, intrauterine device, pessary, surgical instruments, tampon |
Urologic | No underlying causes |
Dental | No underlying causes |
Miscellaneous | Foreign bodies, radiation therapy, vaginal douches |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Contraceptive creams
- Streptococci group A
- Systemic inflammatory diseases
- Vaginal douches
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P (2016). "Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics". Sex Transm Infect. 92 (3): 175–81. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332. PMID 26586777.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC (2009). "Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics". Sex Transm Dis. 36 (10): 598–606. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948. PMC 2924808. PMID 19704398.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC (2012). "Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors". Sex Transm Dis. 39 (9): 706–9. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03. PMC 3428747. PMID 22902666.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K (2016). "Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women?". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2016: 4513089. doi:10.1155/2016/4513089. PMC 4860244. PMID 27212873.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lusk MJ, Konecny P (2008). "Cervicitis: a review". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988. PMID 18192786.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Marrazzo JM, Martin DH (2007). "Management of women with cervicitis". Clin Infect Dis. 44 Suppl 3: S102–10. doi:10.1086/511423. PMID 17342663.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE; et al. (2006). "Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium". Am J Reprod Immunol. 55 (4): 265–75. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x. PMID 16533338.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M (2015). "Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasitol Res. 114 (4): 1291–300. doi:10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3. PMID 25732256.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nugent RP, Hillier SL (1992). "Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome". Sex Transm Dis. 19 (4): 198–202. PMID 1411834.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS; et al. (1975). "Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease". N Engl J Med. 293 (4): 166–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM197507242930403. PMID 806017.