Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [3], Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[4]Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [5]
Overview
The Global Burden of Disease Study reports a prevalence of 251 million cases of COPD globally in 2016. According to WHO estimates, 65 million people have moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worldwide. COPD occurs in 34 out of 1000 greater than 65 years old. In England, an estimated 842,100 of 50 million people have a diagnosis of COPD; translating into approximately one person in 59 receiving a diagnosis of COPD at some point in their lives. In the most socioeconomically deprived parts of the country, one in 32 people were diagnosed with COPD, compared with one in 98 in the most affluent areas. In the United States, the age adjusted prevalence of COPD is approximately 6.4%, totalling approximately 15.7 million people in USA, or possibly approximately 25 million people if undiagnosed cases are included. COPD is the third cause of death among adult population in the United States.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence and Prevalence
- The Global Burden of Disease Study reports a prevalence of 251 million cases of COPD globally in 2016. According to WHO estimates, 65 million people have moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worldwide.
- Almost 15.7 million Americans (6.4%) reported that they have been diagnosed with COPD.
- Age adjusted prevalence of COPD is approximately 4900 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.
Mortality
- Globally, it is estimated that 3.17 million deaths were caused by the disease in 2015 (that is, 5% of all deaths globally in that year).
- COPD, was the third leading cause of death in the United States in 2014.
- During 2000--2005, COPD was the underlying cause of death for 718,077 persons overall aged >25 years in the United States. The number of deaths from COPD increased from 116,494 in 2000 to 121,267 in 2003, decreased to 117,134 in 2004, and increased to 126,005 in 2005.
- To update national estimates of deaths from COPD for the period 2000-2005 (the most recent years for which data are available), CDC analyzed data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). Results of that analysis indicated that an estimated 126,005 deaths of persons aged >25 years occurred in 2005 with COPD as the underlying cause, an increase of 8% from 116,494 deaths in 2000.
- In 2005, approximately one in 20 deaths in the United States had COPD as the underlying cause.
- Smoking is estimated to be responsible for at least 75% of COPD deaths.
Age
- Prevalence of COPD increased, from 3.2% among those aged 18–44 years to >11.6% among those aged ≥65 years.
- Age-standardized COPD mortality rates remained fairly stable during the period (2000-2005) overall. Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population decreased during 2000--2004; the rate in 2005 was similar to that for 2003.
Race
- COPD usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.Hispanics are less likely to develop COPD.
- For each year during 2000--2005, COPD mortality rates were higher among whites than among blacks or persons of all other races. During this period, the rate for blacks remained stable, except for 2004, when the rate was lower. In 2005, the death rate among white men was 80.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 79.5--80.9) compared with 63.8 (CI = 61.8--65.8) among black men, 60.3 (CI = 59.8--60.8) among white women, and 29.9 (CI = 28.9--30.9) among black women.
Gender
- Women are more commonly affected by COPD than men (6.7% vs 5.8%)
- From 2000 to 2005, the annual number of deaths from COPD increased 5% among men, and the number of deaths was higher in 2005 than in 2004. The death rate for men declined during 2000--2005 and was lower in 2004 than in 2005. Among women, the annual number of deaths increased 11% from 2000 to 2005 and was lower in 2005 than in 2004. The death rate for women increased from 2000 to 2003, decreased in 2004, and increased in 2005. The death rate was higher for men compared with the rate for women in each year, but the number of deaths was greater for women. For women, the number of deaths related to COPD in 2005 was 65,193, while for men it was 60,812.
- Women were more likely to report COPD than men (6.7% compared to 5.2%)[1][2].
- Age adjusted death rates of men have decreased between 1999 and 2014 but this rate was stable among women.
- COPD death rates for women have risen steadily. Today, more women than men die from COPD each year.
Economical Impact
- The total economic costs of COPD in the United States were estimated to be $49.9 billion in 2010, and the total direct cost of medical care is approximately $29.5 billion per year.[3] Excess health-care expenditures are estimated at nearly $6,000 annually for every COPD patient in the United States.
States Based Statistics
- By state, in 2005, age-standardized death rates from COPD for adults aged >25 years ranged from 27.1 per 100,000 in Hawaii to 93.6 per 100,000 population in Oklahoma. States with COPD death rates in the highest quartile were as follows: Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming. Among adults aged 25--64 years, rates ranged from 6.2 (Massachusetts and New Jersey) to 19.2 (Oklahoma) per 100,000 population for men and from 3.8 (New Jersey) to 16.5 (West Virginia) in women. Among adults aged >65 years, rates ranged from 169.0 (Hawaii) to 540.4 (Vermont) per 100,000 population in men and from 94.7 (Hawaii) to 394.9 (Nevada) in women.
Prevalence in the United States
Age-standardized death rates for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by state, aggregated over 1999–2006. State rates are grouped into quartiles. Data were obtained from the National Vital Statistics System at http://wonder.cdc.gov. COPD as the underlying cause of death was defined by ICD-10 codes J40-J44. Death rates are reported per 100,000 population and were age-standardized to the 2000 U.S. standard population.
References
- ↑ Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).(2011).https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6146a2.htm Accessed on September 19,2016
- ↑ Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, Woods R, Elliott WM, Buzatu L, Cherniack RM, Rogers RM, Sciurba FC, Coxson HO, Paré PD (2004). "The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (26): 2645–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032158. PMID 15215480.
- ↑ [A Q, J WT, E WS, et al. Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society. Annals of internal medicine 2011;155:179-91]