Esophageal cancer epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]
Overview
Esophageal cancer is the 6th leading cause of death from cancer and the 8th most common cancer in the world. The prevalence of esophageal cancer worldwide is about 3.5 per 100,000. In the United States, about 17000 new cases are diagnosed every year and 4.2 per 100,000 Americans has esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer is mostly present in the "Asian belt" region which includes, China, Japan, India and Iran.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of esophageal cancer is approximately 3.5 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[1]
- The incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.
- The American Cancer Society estimates that by the end of 2017, there will be 16,960 new cases of esophageal cancer in the United States .
Prevalence
- In 2014, the prevalence of esophageal cancer was estimated to be 7.25 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[1]
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- Between 2010 - 2014, the incidence of esophageal cancer in the United States was approximately 4.2 per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of 4.1 per 100,000 individuals.[1]
- Mortality rates from esophageal cancer are higher in blacks and white females than white males.[2]
Age
- The incidence of esophageal cancer increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 67 years.[3][4]
- The age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer worldwide by age category is:
- Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
- 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000
Race
- Esophageal adenocarcinoma usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race, whilst Black individuals are more likely to develop esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [5]
- More Black individuals are diagnosed with esophageal cancer then Caucasian individuals overall.[6]
- In the United States, 68.5% of Caucasian subjects with esophageal cancer had adenocarcinoma, whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had squamous cell carcinoma.
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected by esophageal cancer than women. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1.[3]
Region
- The majority of esophageal cancer cases are reported in in the area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.[7]
- In China, the incidence rate of esophageal cancer is 16.7 per 100 000 population.[8]
Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries
- Worldwide, the predominant type of esophageal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma.[1]
- However, the rate of adenocarcinoma outnumbers squamous cell carcinoma in developed countries like the United States and some European countries.
- Squamous cell carcinoma is predominant in developing countries.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
- ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
- ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
- ↑ Baquet CR, Commiskey P, Mack K, Meltzer S, Mishra SI (2005). "Esophageal cancer epidemiology in blacks and whites: racial and gender disparities in incidence, mortality, survival rates and histology". J Natl Med Assoc. 97 (11): 1471–8. PMC 2594901. PMID 16334494.
- ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
- ↑ Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD (2013). "Oesophageal carcinoma". Lancet. 381 (9864): 400–12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6. PMID 23374478.
- ↑ Lin Y, Totsuka Y, He Y, Kikuchi S, Qiao Y, Ueda J, Wei W, Inoue M, Tanaka H (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Japan and China". J Epidemiol. 23 (4): 233–42. PMC 3709543. PMID 23629646.