Family with sequence similarity 193 member A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM193A gene[1] located on locus p16.3 of chromosome 4.[2] FAM193A is also known as C4orf8, chromosome 4 open reading frame 8, RES4-22, protein IT143, and hypothetical protein LOC86032.[3]
Comparing variation of splicing throughout the FAM193A gene using Ensembl, 11 transcripts were found of which three are erroneous or truncated proteins and two being retained introns from non-CDS transcripts.[4] All transcripts represented reveal exactly same starting point with respect to exon 1. This continuity is seen throughout the 5’UTR in all alternatively spliced mRNAs, with the exception in splice variant 4. There are three areas within the expressed protein that possibly have motifs; leucine zipper within a coiled-coil. These three motifs lie within exon 5, 16 and 17. The areas are either expressed or entirely missed and other parts are expressed.
Tissue distribution
The gene FAM193A is most abundantly expressed, by examination of spot intensity from its EST profile Hs.652364, in the embryonic, lymph node, nerve, uterus, testis, larynx tissues and somewhat in the blood.[5] The gene is expressed through a number of health states, for example, adrenal, chondrosarcoma and uterine tumors, it is also implicated in soft tissue/ muscle tissue tumors.[6]
A microarray from BRAINSPAN.org within the Prenatal LCM microarray data shows high abundance of FAM193A expression in humans ubiquitously throughout the brain. One of three probes showed very little gene expression of FAM193A (A_24_P126465). The most significant structures in terms of signal intensity from the microarray are; occipital lobe, hippocampal formation, globus pallidus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, but relatively little expression in the insula.[7]
Regulation
FAM193A has several specific chemical–gene interactions curated from published literature. Interactions with Aflatoxin,a naturally occurring mycotoxin, was looked into for carcinogenic potential evaluated through application of chronic rodent bioassays. This compound increases the expression of FAM193A mRNA and by hierarchical clustering [8] implicates this gene in processes related to macromolecules, cellular organization, and regulation.[9]
Dihydrotestosterone is androgen of the male sex hormone. Androgen play an important role in maintenance and growth of prostate cells. In a study using prostate cancer cell line LNCaP treated with Dihydrotestosterone and bicalutamide for 6, 24, and 48 hours, researchers registered 56 different transcripts that showed homology to transcription factors, cell cycle regulators, metabolic enzymes, and hypothetical proteins. Of these FAM193A gene expression is upregulated in the presence of Dihydrotestosterone for 48 hours.[10]
Structure
Using NCBI’s cBLAST five structures were found that aligned somewhat to FAM193A. Of the structures only two were too were examined Chain A, RNA Polymerase Ii from Schizosaccharomyces Pombe and Chain A Tropomyosin. Comparison with the previous structure of the enzyme from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals differences in regions implicated in start site selection and transcription factor interaction. These aspects of the transcription mechanism differ between S. pombe and S. cerevisiae, but are conserved between S. pombe and humans. Amino acid changes apparently responsible for the structural differences are also conserved between S. pombe and humans, suggesting that the S. pombe structure may be a good surrogate for that of the human enzyme.
The predicted secondary structure of FAM193A examined through predictprotein.org showed that more than ¾ of the residues exposing more than 16% of their surface. This program also shows that FAM193A is approximately ½ alpha helical.[11]
Protein interactions
There is a novel gene, IRIZIO that cooperates with PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene and may contribute to rhabdomyosarcomagenesis in children. This novel gene is homologous to the FAM193 A using the National Center for Biotechnology Information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool revealed an overall homology of 53%. Furthermore, the highest similarity is in the last 76 amino acids (89% homology) of both proteins.[12]
Primates, chimp and gibbon, represented the closest group of orthologous proteins in relation to humans (E range = 0.0-0.0), these along with others were used make a multiple sequence alignment (MSA). The MSA of the closest clade to humans all fell under the same duplication event. The avian (Zebra finch, chicken, turkey) and fish (Zebra fish, Pufferfish). were the animals that had attained this protein before the duplication event. These were found by BLASTing against the human genome. RNA Transcripts searched for BLASTp against the human genome produced no results of significance. Similarly, distantly related animals were found using BLASTp, but of the protein sequences matched, only small portions correlated with FAM193A.
Paralogs
Support for one paralog, FAM193B, shows homology to FAM193A's C-terminus end. FAM193B is 2961 nts long while FAM193A is 4710 and when aligned using Biology Workbench received a low score of -4490.
↑Mathijs K, Brauers KJ, Jennen DG, Boorsma A, van Herwijnen MH, Gottschalk RW, Kleinjans JC, van Delft JH (December 2009). "Discrimination for genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens by gene expression profiling in primary mouse hepatocytes improves with exposure time". Toxicological Sciences. 112 (2): 374–84. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp229. PMID19770486.
↑Coutinho-Camillo CM, Salaorni S, Sarkis AS, Nagai MA (April 2006). "Differentially expressed genes in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP after exposure to androgen and anti-androgen". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 166 (2): 130–8. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.09.012. PMID16631469.