Goitrogen
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Overview
Goitrogens are substances that suppress the function of the thyroid gland by interfering with iodine uptake which can, as a result, cause an enlargement of the thyroid.
Goitrogenic drugs
Chemicals that have been shown to have goitrogenic effects include:
- Sulfadimethoxine, propylthiouracil, potassium perchlorate, and iopanoic acid.[1]
- Thiocyanate overload in Central Africa, especially if also in conjunction with selenium deficiency.[2] Reliance on cassava as a carbohydrate provides a source of thiocyanate in some areas.[3]
Goitrogenic foods
Certain foods have been identified as goitrogenic. These foods include:
- Soybeans (and soybean products such as tofu)
- Pine nuts
- Peanuts
- Millet
- Strawberries
- Peaches
- Spinach
- Bamboo shoots
- Radishes
- Horseradish
- Vegetables in the genus Brassica
- Bok choy
- Broccoli
- Broccolini (Asparations)
- Brussels sprouts
- Cabbage
- Cauliflower
- Chinese cabbage
- Choy sum
- Collard greens
- Kai-lan (Chinese broccoli)
- Kale
- Kohlrabi
- Mizuna
- Mustard greens
- Rapeseed (yu choy)
- Rapini
- Rutabagas
- Tatsoi
- Turnips
Foods stimulating thyroid tissue
Some foods and drinks have an opposite effect on the thyroid gland--that is, they stimulate thyroid function rather than suppressing it; examples being avocado, coconut,[4] and saturated fat.[5]. Indeed some studies on rats suggest that excess caffeine in conjunction with a lack of iodine may promote the formation of thyroid cancers. [6]Despite being generally a stimulant, caffeine, (examples: coffee, tea, cola, chocolate) acts on thyroid function as a suppressant.[citation needed]
Footnotes
- ↑ Takizawa T, Imai T, Ueda M, Onodera H, Hirose M (2006). "Comparison of enhancing effects of different goitrogen treatments in combination with beta-estradiol-3-benzoate for establishing a rat two-stage thyroid carcinogenesis model to detect modifying effects of estrogenic compounds". Cancer Sci. 97 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00132.x. PMID 16367917.
- ↑ Vanderpas J (2006). "Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 26: 293–322. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810. PMID 16704348.
- ↑ Akindahunsi AA, Grissom FE, Adewusi SR, Afolabi OA, Torimiro SE, Oke OL (1998). "Parameters of thyroid function in the endemic goitre of Akungba and Oke-Agbe villages of Akoko area of southwestern Nigeria". African journal of medicine and medical sciences. 27 (3–4): 239–42. PMID 10497657.
- ↑ Siddhanti SR, King MW, Tove SB (1990). "Influence of dietary fat on factors in serum that regulate thyroid cell metabolism" (PDF). J. Nutr. 120 (11): 1297–304. PMID 2172489.
Thyroid hyperplasia has been demonstrated in mice:
*"Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate (CAS No. 68603-42-9) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (dermal studies)". National Toxicology Program technical report series. 479: 5–226. 2001. PMID 12571684. - ↑ Denice Moffat. "Bad Foods for Thyroid". Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ↑ Son HY, Nishikawa A, Kanki K; et al. (2003). "Synergistic interaction between excess caffeine and deficient iodine on the promotion of thyroid carcinogenesis in rats pretreated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine". Cancer Sci. 94 (4): 334–7. PMID 12824900.
External links
- Goitrogen page
- Goitrogen page from The World's Healthiest Foods site