HIV coinfection with hepatitis b natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Natural History
The rate of progression and complications from viral hepatitis are accelerated in patients with HIV coinfection.[1][2] After acquiring HBV infection, HIV infected individuals are 6 times more likely to develop chronic hepatitis B than HIV negative individuals.[3][4][5] This was more likely to occur in HIV infected men with lower CD4 cells. Decreased rates of clearance of HBeAg and increased HBV replication are also seen, with higher HBV DNA viral load.[6][7][8] In addition, HIV infected individuals are more likely to lose previously developed protective anti-HBs antibody and develop acute hepatitis B infection; This risk is also associated with lower CD4 counts.[9][10]
HIV also hastens the progression of HBV related liver disease. Cirrhosis is more common despite lower ALT levels than in HBV mono-infection and is also more common with lower CD4 counts.[6][11]
Complications
Following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) may occur which can lead to worsening liver disease including hepatic decompensation. In addition, after discontinuation of an ART regimen containing anti-HBV agents, reactivation of hepatitis B can occur. ALT elevations occurred in 29% of 147 patients within 6 months of withdrawal.[12] If reactivation occurs, resuming an agent that is active against HBV is required.
HIV-HBV coinfected men are greater than 17 times more likely to die of liver related causes compared to those mono-infected with HBV.[13] For individuals on ART, coinfection with chronic hepatitis B increases the risk of hepatotoxicity from ART three-fold to five-fold.[14][15][16]
It is unclear at present if the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increased, but there is some evidence that HIV infected individuals with lower CD4 counts are at greater risk of developing HCC.[17]
References
- ↑ Puoti M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Paraninfo G, Arici C, Moller NF, Lundgren JD, Ledergerber B, Rickenbach M, Suarez-Lozano I, Garrido M, Dabis F, Winnock M, Milazzo L, Gervais A, Raffi F, Gill J, Rockstroh J, Ourishi N, Mussini C, Castagna A, De Luca A, Monforte A (2006). "Impact of lamivudine on the risk of liver-related death in 2,041 HBsAg- and HIV-positive individuals: results from an inter-cohort analysis". Antivir. Ther. (Lond.). 11 (5): 567–74. PMID 16964824.
|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Thio CL (2009). "Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection". Hepatology. 49 (5 Suppl): S138–45. doi:10.1002/hep.22883. PMID 19399813. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Bodsworth NJ, Cooper DA, Donovan B (1991). "The influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state". J. Infect. Dis. 163 (5): 1138–40. PMID 2019762. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Hadler SC, Judson FN, O'Malley PM, Altman NL, Penley K, Buchbinder S, Schable CA, Coleman PJ, Ostrow DN, Francis DP (1991). "Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its relation to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection". J. Infect. Dis. 163 (3): 454–9. PMID 1825315. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Gatanaga H, Yasuoka A, Kikuchi Y, Tachikawa N, Oka S (2000). "Influence of prior HIV-1 infection on the development of chronic hepatitis B infection". Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19 (3): 237–9. PMID 10795602. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Colin JF, Cazals-Hatem D, Loriot MA, Martinot-Peignoux M, Pham BN, Auperin A, Degott C, Benhamou JP, Erlinger S, Valla D, Marcellin P (1999). "Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B in homosexual men". Hepatology. 29 (4): 1306–10. doi:10.1002/hep.510290447. PMID 10094979. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Gilson RJ, Hawkins AE, Beecham MR, Ross E, Waite J, Briggs M, McNally T, Kelly GE, Tedder RS, Weller IV (1997). "Interactions between HIV and hepatitis B virus in homosexual men: effects on the natural history of infection". AIDS. 11 (5): 597–606. PMID 9108941. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Krogsgaard K, Lindhardt BO, Nielson JO, Andersson P, Kryger P, Aldershvile J, Gerstoft J, Pedersen C (1987). "The influence of HTLV-III infection on the natural history of hepatitis B virus infection in male homosexual HBsAg carriers". Hepatology. 7 (1): 37–41. PMID 3643160.
|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ, Hoofnagle J (1987). "Accelerated loss of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen among immunodeficient homosexual men infected with HIV". N. Engl. J. Med. 316 (10): 630–1. doi:10.1056/NEJM198703053161015. PMID 3807959. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Laukamm-Josten U, Müller O, Bienzle U, Feldmeier H, Uy A, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I (1988). "Decline of naturally acquired antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in HIV-1 infected homosexual men". AIDS. 2 (5): 400–1. PMID 3146272. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Di Martino V, Thevenot T, Colin JF, Boyer N, Martinot M, Degos F, Coulaud JP, Vilde JL, Vachon F, Degott C, Valla D, Marcellin P (2002). "Influence of HIV infection on the response to interferon therapy and the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B". Gastroenterology. 123 (6): 1812–22. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.37061. PMID 12454838. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Bellini C, Keiser O, Chave JP, Evison J, Fehr J, Kaiser L, Weber R, Vernazza P, Bernasconi E, Telenti A, Cavassini M (2009). "Liver enzyme elevation after lamivudine withdrawal in HIV-hepatitis B virus coinfected patients: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study". HIV Med. 10 (1): 12–8. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00646.x. PMID 18795964. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R, Phair J, Visscher B, Muñoz A, Thomas DL (2002). "HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS)". Lancet. 360 (9349): 1921–6. PMID 12493258. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Puoti M, Torti C, Ripamonti D, Castelli F, Zaltron S, Zanini B, Spinetti A, Putzolu V, Casari S, Tomasoni L, Quiros-Roldan E, Favret M, Berchich L, Grigolato P, Callea F, Carosi G (2003). "Severe hepatotoxicity during combination antiretroviral treatment: incidence, liver histology, and outcome". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 32 (3): 259–67. PMID 12626885. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Chaisson RE, Moore RD (2000). "Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection". JAMA. 283 (1): 74–80. PMID 10632283. Retrieved 2012-03-29. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Livry C, Binquet C, Sgro C, Froidure M, Duong M, Buisson M, Grappin M, Quantin C, Portier H, Chavanet P, Piroth L (2003). "Acute liver enzyme elevations in HIV-1-infected patients". HIV Clin Trials. 4 (6): 400–10. PMID 14628283. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
- ↑ Clifford GM, Rickenbach M, Polesel J, Dal Maso L, Steffen I, Ledergerber B, Rauch A, Probst-Hensch NM, Bouchardy C, Levi F, Franceschi S (2008). "Influence of HIV-related immunodeficiency on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma". AIDS. 22 (16): 2135–41. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831103ad. PMID 18832877. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help)