Homeobox protein TGIF1

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDs	GeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Homeobox protein TGIF1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGIF1 gene. Alternative splicing has been observed at this locus and eight variants, encoding four distinct isoforms, are described.

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the three-amino acid loop extension (TALE) superclass of atypical homeodomains. TALE homeobox proteins are highly conserved transcription regulators. This particular homeodomain binds to a previously characterized retinoid X receptor responsive element from the cellular retinol-binding protein II promoter. In addition to its role in inhibiting 9-cis-retinoic acid-dependent RXR alpha transcription activation of the retinoic acid responsive element, the protein is an active transcriptional co-repressor of SMAD2 and may participate in the transmission of nuclear signals during development and in the adult.

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene are associated with holoprosencephaly type 4, which is a structural anomaly of the brain. It has also been associated with risk of otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)

Interactions

Homeobox protein TGIF1 has been shown to interact with:

• C-jun,
• CTBP1,
• HDAC1, and
• Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2.

Further reading

• El-Jaick KB, Powers SE, Bartholin L, Myers KR, Hahn J, Orioli IM, Ouspenskaia M, Lacbawan F, Roessler E, Wotton D, Muenke M (2007). "Functional analysis of mutations in TGIF associated with holoprosencephaly". Mol. Genet. Metab. 90 (1): 97–111. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.07.011. PMC 1820763. PMID 16962354.
• Münke M, Page DC, Brown LG, Armson BA, Zackai EH, Mennuti MT, Emanuel BS (1989). "Molecular detection of a Yp/18 translocation in a 45,X holoprosencephalic male". Hum. Genet. 80 (3): 219–23. doi:10.1007/BF01790089. PMID 3192211.
• Overhauser J, Mitchell HF, Zackai EH, Tick DB, Rojas K, Muenke M (1995). "Physical mapping of the holoprosencephaly critical region in 18p11.3". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57 (5): 1080–5. PMC 1801375. PMID 7485158.
• Wotton D, Lo RS, Lee S, Massagué J (1999). "A Smad transcriptional corepressor". Cell. 97 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80712-6. PMID 10199400.
• Yang Y, Hwang CK, D'Souza UM, Lee SH, Junn E, Mouradian MM (2000). "Three-amino acid extension loop homeodomain proteins Meis2 and TGIF differentially regulate transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (27): 20734–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M908382199. PMID 10764806.
• Melhuish TA, Wotton D (2001). "The interaction of the carboxyl terminus-binding protein with the Smad corepressor TGIF is disrupted by a holoprosencephaly mutation in TGIF". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (50): 39762–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000416200. PMID 10995736.
• Lo RS, Wotton D, Massagué J (2001). "Epidermal growth factor signaling via Ras controls the Smad transcriptional co-repressor TGIF". EMBO J. 20 (1–2): 128–36. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.1.128. PMC 140192. PMID 11226163.
• Pessah M, Prunier C, Marais J, Ferrand N, Mazars A, Lallemand F, Gauthier JM, Atfi A (2001). "c-Jun interacts with the corepressor TG-interacting factor (TGIF) to suppress Smad2 transcriptional activity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (11): 6198–203. doi:10.1073/pnas.101579798. PMC 33445. PMID 11371641.
• Yu X, Li P, Roeder RG, Wang Z (2001). "Inhibition of androgen receptor-mediated transcription by amino-terminal enhancer of split". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (14): 4614–25. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.14.4614-4625.2001. PMC 87125. PMID 11416139.
• Wotton D, Knoepfler PS, Laherty CD, Eisenman RN, Massagué J (2001). "The Smad transcriptional corepressor TGIF recruits mSin3". Cell Growth Differ. 12 (9): 457–63. PMID 11571228.
• Sharma M, Sun Z (2002). "5'TG3' interacting factor interacts with Sin3A and represses AR-mediated transcription". Mol. Endocrinol. 15 (11): 1918–28. doi:10.1210/me.15.11.1918. PMID 11682623.
• Dintilhac A, Bernués J (2002). "HMGB1 interacts with many apparently unrelated proteins by recognizing short amino acid sequences". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (9): 7021–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108417200. PMID 11748221.
• Chen CP, Chern SR, Du SH, Wang W (2002). "Molecular diagnosis of a novel heterozygous 268C-->T (R90C) mutation in TGIF gene in a fetus with holoprosencephaly and premaxillary agenesis". Prenat. Diagn. 22 (1): 5–7. doi:10.1002/pd.202. PMID 11810641.
• Aguilella C, Dubourg C, Attia-Sobol J, Vigneron J, Blayau M, Pasquier L, Lazaro L, Odent S, David V (2003). "Molecular screening of the TGIF gene in holoprosencephaly: identification of two novel mutations". Hum. Genet. 112 (2): 131–4. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0862-8. PMID 12522553.
• Chen F, Ogawa K, Nagarajan RP, Zhang M, Kuang C, Chen Y (2003). "Regulation of TG-interacting factor by transforming growth factor-beta". Biochem. J. 371 (Pt 2): 257–63. doi:10.1042/BJ20030095. PMC 1223316. PMID 12593671.
• Lam DS, Lee WS, Leung YF, Tam PO, Fan DS, Fan BJ, Pang CP (2003). "TGFbeta-induced factor: a candidate gene for high myopia". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (3): 1012–5. doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0058. PMID 12601022.
• Dubourg C, Lazaro L, Pasquier L, Bendavid C, Blayau M, Le Duff F, Durou MR, Odent S, David V (2004). "Molecular screening of SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF genes in patients with features of holoprosencephaly spectrum: Mutation review and genotype-phenotype correlations". Hum. Mutat. 24 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1002/humu.20056. PMID 15221788.