Hymenolepis infection overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Hymenolepis infection (hymenolepiasis) is infestation by one of two species of tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana or Hymenolepis diminuta.
Causes
Hymenolepis infection (hymenolepiasis) is caused by one of the two species of tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana or Hymenolepis diminuta. Hymenolepis nana infections are much more common than Hymenolepis diminuta infections in humans, because in addition to being spread by insects, the disease can be spread directly from person to person by eggs in feces. Humans and other animals become infected when they intentionally or unintentionally eat material contaminated by insects. In an infected person, it is possible for the worm's entire life-cycle to be completed in the bowel, so infection can persist for years.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Most people who are infected do not have any symptoms. Those who have symptoms may experience nausea, weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Young children, especially those with a heavy infection, may develop a headache, itchy bottom, or have difficulty sleeping. Sometimes infection is misdiagnosed as a pinworm infection. Contrary to popular belief, a tapeworm infection does not generally cause weight loss. You cannot feel the tapeworm inside your body.
Laboratory Findings
Examination of the stool for eggs and parasites confirms the diagnosis. Concentration techniques and repeated examinations will increase the likelihood of detecting light infections. The eggs and proglottids of H. nana are smaller than H. diminuta. Proglottids of both are relatively wide and have three testes.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
A prescription drug called praziquantel is given. The medication causes the tapeworm to dissolve within the intestines. Praziquantel is generally well tolerated. Sometimes more than one treatment is necessary.