There are approximately 40 known eukaryotic LIM proteins, so named for the LIM domains they contain. LIM domains are highly conserved cysteine-rich structures containing 2 zinc fingers. Although zinc fingers usually function by binding to DNA or RNA, the LIM motif probably mediates protein-protein interactions. LIM kinase-1 and LIM kinase-2 belong to a small subfamily with a unique combination of 2 N-terminal LIM motifs, a central PDZ domain, and a C-terminalprotein kinase domain. LIMK1 is likely to be a component of an intracellular signaling pathway and may be involved in brain development.[3]
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↑Osborne LR, Martindale D, Scherer SW, Shi XM, Huizenga J, Heng HH, Costa T, Pober B, Lew L, Brinkman J, Rommens J, Koop B, Tsui LC (Jan 1997). "Identification of genes from a 500-kb region at 7q11.23 that is commonly deleted in Williams syndrome patients". Genomics. 36 (2): 328–36. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0469. PMID8812460.
↑Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Boku S, Watanabe N, Fujita A, Iwamatsu A, Obinata T, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Narumiya S (August 1999). "Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase". Science. 285 (5429): 895–8. doi:10.1126/science.285.5429.895. PMID10436159.
↑Yokoo T, Toyoshima H, Miura M, Wang Y, Iida KT, Suzuki H, Sone H, Shimano H, Gotoda T, Nishimori S, Tanaka K, Yamada N (December 2003). "p57Kip2 regulates actin dynamics by binding and translocating LIM-kinase 1 to the nucleus". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (52): 52919–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309334200. PMID14530263.
↑Wang JY, Frenzel KE, Wen D, Falls DL (August 1998). "Transmembrane neuregulins interact with LIM kinase 1, a cytoplasmic protein kinase implicated in development of visuospatial cognition". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (32): 20525–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.32.20525. PMID9685409.
↑Edwards DC, Sanders LC, Bokoch GM, Gill GN (September 1999). "Activation of LIM-kinase by Pak1 couples Rac/Cdc42 GTPase signalling to actin cytoskeletal dynamics". Nat. Cell Biol. 1 (5): 253–9. doi:10.1038/12963. PMID10559936.
↑Dan C, Kelly A, Bernard O, Minden A (August 2001). "Cytoskeletal changes regulated by the PAK4 serine/threonine kinase are mediated by LIM kinase 1 and cofilin". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (34): 32115–21. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100871200. PMID11413130.
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Okano I, Hiraoka J, Otera H, Nunoue K, Ohashi K, Iwashita S, Hirai M, Mizuno K (1995). "Identification and characterization of a novel family of serine/threonine kinases containing two N-terminal LIM motifs". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (52): 31321–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.52.31321. PMID8537403.
Frangiskakis JM, Ewart AK, Morris CA, Mervis CB, Bertrand J, Robinson BF, Klein BP, Ensing GJ, Everett LA, Green ED, Pröschel C, Gutowski NJ, Noble M, Atkinson DL, Odelberg SJ, Keating MT (1996). "LIM-kinase1 hemizygosity implicated in impaired visuospatial constructive cognition". Cell. 86 (1): 59–69. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80077-X. PMID8689688.
Nebl G, Meuer SC, Samstag Y (1996). "Dephosphorylation of serine 3 regulates nuclear translocation of cofilin". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (42): 26276–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.42.26276. PMID8824278.
Hiraoka J, Okano I, Higuchi O, Yang N, Mizuno K (1996). "Self-association of LIM-kinase 1 mediated by the interaction between an N-terminal LIM domain and a C-terminal kinase domain". FEBS Lett. 399 (1–2): 117–21. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01303-8. PMID8980133.
Yang N, Higuchi O, Ohashi K, Nagata K, Wada A, Kangawa K, Nishida E, Mizuno K (1998). "Cofilin phosphorylation by LIM-kinase 1 and its role in Rac-mediated actin reorganization". Nature. 393 (6687): 809–12. doi:10.1038/31735. PMID9655398.
Wang JY, Frenzel KE, Wen D, Falls DL (1998). "Transmembrane neuregulins interact with LIM kinase 1, a cytoplasmic protein kinase implicated in development of visuospatial cognition". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (32): 20525–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.32.20525. PMID9685409.
Edwards DC, Gill GN (1999). "Structural features of LIM kinase that control effects on the actin cytoskeleton". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (16): 11352–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.16.11352. PMID10196227.
Sotiropoulos A, Gineitis D, Copeland J, Treisman R (1999). "Signal-regulated activation of serum response factor is mediated by changes in actin dynamics". Cell. 98 (2): 159–69. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81011-9. PMID10428028.
Bach I, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Carrière C, Bhushan A, Krones A, Rose DW, Glass CK, Andersen B, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Rosenfeld MG (1999). "RLIM inhibits functional activity of LIM homeodomain transcription factors via recruitment of the histone deacetylase complex". Nat. Genet. 22 (4): 394–9. doi:10.1038/11970. PMID10431247.
Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Boku S, Watanabe N, Fujita A, Iwamatsu A, Obinata T, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Narumiya S (1999). "Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase". Science. 285 (5429): 895–8. doi:10.1126/science.285.5429.895. PMID10436159.
Edwards DC, Sanders LC, Bokoch GM, Gill GN (1999). "Activation of LIM-kinase by Pak1 couples Rac/Cdc42 GTPase signalling to actin cytoskeletal dynamics". Nat. Cell Biol. 1 (5): 253–9. doi:10.1038/12963. PMID10559936.
Ohashi K, Nagata K, Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, Mizuno K (2000). "Rho-associated kinase ROCK activates LIM-kinase 1 by phosphorylation at threonine 508 within the activation loop". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (5): 3577–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.5.3577. PMID10652353.
Martindale DW, Wilson MD, Wang D, Burke RD, Chen X, Duronio V, Koop BF (2000). "Comparative genomic sequence analysis of the Williams syndrome region (LIMK1-RFC2) of human chromosome 7q11.23". Mamm. Genome. 11 (10): 890–8. doi:10.1007/s003350010166. PMID11003705.
Sumi T, Matsumoto K, Shibuya A, Nakamura T (2001). "Activation of LIM kinases by myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (25): 23092–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C100196200. PMID11340065.
Dan C, Kelly A, Bernard O, Minden A (2001). "Cytoskeletal changes regulated by the PAK4 serine/threonine kinase are mediated by LIM kinase 1 and cofilin". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (34): 32115–21. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100871200. PMID11413130.
Toshima J, Toshima JY, Takeuchi K, Mori R, Mizuno K (2001). "Cofilin phosphorylation and actin reorganization activities of testicular protein kinase 2 and its predominant expression in testicular Sertoli cells". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (33): 31449–58. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102988200. PMID11418599.