Laryngomalacia overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infancy. It occurs when the soft, immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation, causing airway obstruction. It can also be seen in older patients, especially those with neuromuscular conditions resulting in weakness of the muscles of the throat. However, the infantile form is much more common.
Pathophysiology
In infantile laryngomalacia, the supraglottic larynx (the part above the vocal cords) is tightly curled, with a short band holding the cartilage shield in the front (the epiglottis) tightly to the mobile cartilage in the back of the larynx (the arytenoids). These bands are known as the aryepiglottic folds; they create the movements that opens and closes the vocal cords for phonation. The shortened aryepiglottic folds cause the epiglottis to be curled on itself. This is the well known "omega shaped" epiglottis in laryngomalacia.
Causes
Although laryngomalacia is not associated with a specific gene, there is evidence that some cases may be inherited.[1][2] Relaxation or a lack of muscle tone in the upper airway may be a factor. It is often worse when the infant is on his or her back, because the floppy tissues can fall over the airway opening more easily in this position.[3]
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Laryngomalacia results in partial airway obstruction, most commonly causing a characteristic high-pitched squeaking noise on inhalation (inspiratory stridor). Some infants have feeding difficulties related to this problem. Rarely, children will have significant life threatening airway obstruction. The vast majority, however, will only have stridor without other more serious symptoms such as dyspnea (difficulty breathing).
Laryngomalacia becomes symptomatic after the first few weeks of life, and may get louder over the first year, as the child moves air more vigorously.
Endoscopy
Flexible laryngoscopy may be done to further evaluate the infant's condition.
Treatment
Time is the only treatment necessary in more than 90% of infant cases.[4] In other cases, surgery may be necessary.[5][6][7] Most commonly, this involves cutting the aryepiglottic folds to let the supraglottic airway spring open. Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease can also help in the treatment of laryngomalacia, since gastric contents can cause the back part of the larynx to swell and collapse even further into the airway. In some cases, a temporary tracheostomy may be necessary.
References
- ↑ Shulman JB, Hollister DW, Thibeault DW, Krugman ME (1976). "Familial laryngomalacia: a case report". Laryngoscope. 86 (1): 84–91. doi:10.1288/00005537-197601000-00018. PMID 1256207.
- ↑ Shohat M, Sivan Y, Taub E, Davidson S (1992). "Autosomal dominant congenital laryngomalacia". Am. J. Med. Genet. 42 (6): 813–4. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320420613. PMID 1554019.
- ↑ ""Laryngomalacia". The Children's hospital of Philadelphia. Retrieved 31 August 2012. Text " The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia" " ignored (help)
- ↑ Bye Michael R MD (September 13, 2007). ""Laryngomalacia: Treatment & Medication"". eMedicine from WebMD.
- ↑ Holinger LD, Konior RJ (1989). "Surgical management of severe laryngomalacia". Laryngoscope. 99 (2): 136–42. doi:10.1288/00005537-198902000-00004. PMID 2913424.
- ↑ Zalzal GH (1989). "Stridor and airway compromise". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 36 (6): 1389–402. PMID 2685719.
- ↑ Solomons NB, Prescott CA (1987). "Laryngomalacia. A review and the surgical management for severe cases". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 13 (1): 31–9. doi:10.1016/0165-5876(87)90005-X. PMID 3305399.