Left atrial enlargement causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [4]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [5]
Overview
In the general population, obesity appears to be the most important risk factor for left atrial enlargement.[1] Persistent atrial fibrillation results in retention of blood in the left atrium secondary to inadequate pumping of blood by the atrium into the left ventricle[2]. Similar pathophysiologic process occurs in mitral stenosis resulting in subsequent left atrial enlargement. Aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic insufficiency and other causes of left ventricular heart failure causes an increase in back pressure within the atrium resulting in subsequent left atrial enlargement.
Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Left Atrial Enlargement
By Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Aortic regurgitation, Aortic stenosis, Atrial fibrillation[2], Atrial septal defect, Cardiac amyloidosis[3], Coarctation of the aorta, Congestive heart failure, Coronary artery disease, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Hypoplasia of mitral valve annulus which is a part of the spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, Infective endocarditis, Ischemic mitral regurgitation, Left atrial myxoma, Left bundle branch block, Mitral regurgitation, Mitral stenosis, Mitral valve annular calcification, Mitral valve commissural fusion, Mitral valve prolapse, Papillary muscle rupture, Parachute mitral valve, Prosthetic mitral valve stenosis, Rheumatic heart disease, Supra-valve mitral membrane, Systemic hypertension, Thickened chordae tendinae, Thrombus (ball valve thrombus) in left atrium |
| Chemical / poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Chronic alcoholism[4] |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | Cardiac amyloidosis[3], Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Hypoplasia of mitral valve annulus which is a part of the spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Infective endocarditis, Pneumonia, Rheumatic heart disease |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | Ankylosing spondylitis |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the stenotic process of the valves via calcification, Obesity |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Left atrial myxoma |
| Opthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose / Toxicity | Chronic alcoholism[5] |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Emphysema, Pneumonia |
| Renal / Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | Ankylosing spondylitis, Cardiac amyloidosis[3], Rheumatic heart disease |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Thrombus (ball valve thrombus) in left atrium |
In Alphabetical Order
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Aortic regurgitation
- Aortic stenosis
- Atrial fibrillation[2]
- Atrial septal defect
- Cardiac amyloidosis[3]
- Chronic alcoholism[6]
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Congestive heart failure
- Coronary artery disease
- Emphysema
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the stenotic process of the valves via calcification
- Hypoplasia of mitral valve annulus which is a part of the spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- Infective endocarditis
- Ischemic mitral regurgitation
- Left atrial myxoma
- Left bundle branch block
- Mitral regurgitation
- Mitral stenosis
- Mitral valve annular calcification
- Mitral valve commissural fusion
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Obesity
- Papillary muscle rupture
- Parachute mitral valve
- Pneumonia
- Prosthetic mitral valve stenosis
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Supra-valve mitral membrane
- Systemic hypertension
- Thickened chordae tendinae
- Thrombus (ball valve thrombus) in left atrium
References
- ↑ Stritzke J, Markus MRP, Duderstadt S, Lieb W, Luchner A, Döring A, Keil U, Hense H and Schunkert H (2009-11-17). "The Aging Process of the Heart: Obesity Is the Main Risk Factor for Left Atrial Enlargement During Aging: The MONICA/KORA (Monitoring of Trends and Determinations in Cardiovascular Disease/Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg) Study". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 54 (21): 1982–9. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.034. PMID 19909880. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sanfilippo AJ, Abascal VM, Sheehan M, Oertel LB, Harrigan P, Hughes RA and Weyman AE (1990). "Atrial enlargement as a consequence of atrial fibrillation A prospective echocardiographic study". Circulation. 82 (3): 792–7. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.82.3.792. PMID 2144217. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Dardas PS, Tsikaderis DD, Mezilis N, Geleris P, Boudoulas H (2002). "Echocardiographic evidence of atrial myopathy in amyloidosis: a case report". European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 3 (4): 303–5. PMID 12413446. Retrieved 2012-04-17. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kabir J. Singh, Beth Cohen, Bee Ya Na, Mary A. Whooley, and Nelson B. Schiller. Predictors Of Increasing Left Atrial Volume Over Five Years In Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Results From The Heart And Soul Study. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol.2010;55;A91.E864 [1]
- ↑ Kabir J. Singh, Beth Cohen, Bee Ya Na, Mary A. Whooley, and Nelson B. Schiller. Predictors Of Increasing Left Atrial Volume Over Five Years In Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Results From The Heart And Soul Study. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol.2010;55;A91.E864 [2]
- ↑ Kabir J. Singh, Beth Cohen, Bee Ya Na, Mary A. Whooley, and Nelson B. Schiller. Predictors Of Increasing Left Atrial Volume Over Five Years In Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Results From The Heart And Soul Study. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol.2010;55;A91.E864 [3]