List of DYS markers
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The following DYS (DNA Y-chromosome Segment) markers are commonly used in genealogical DNA testing.
DYS454 is the least varying Y-STR marker, and multi-copy marker DYS464 is the most varying Y-STR marker.
The location on the Y chromosome of numbered DYS markers can be roughly given with cytogenetic localization. For example DYS449 is located at Yp11.2 - meaning the Y chromosome, petit arm, band 1, sub-band 1, sub-sub-band 2 - DYS449[1].
Mutation rates
Mutation rates are those per generation, as estimated in Chandler (2006)[2]. The quoted estimated errors are typically +/- 15-20%. Alternative estimates from observed pedigrees are also available for some markers [3].
It appears that some trinucleotide markers may have much higher mutation rates at some repeat lengths than at others. For example, variation of the trinucleotide DYS 388 is generally very slow in most haplogroups, when it takes the values 11-13. But there appears to be much greater variation and more rapid mutation in Haplogroup J, where it typically has values 14-18. Similarly the trinucleotide DYS 392 is reported to be "fast" in haplogroups N and Q, where it takes values 14-16 which are rare in other groups. [4].
DYS markers
| DYS# | notes | DNA sequence repeat motif | alleles | mutation rate | links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DYS19 | see DYS394 | — | — | — | — |
| DYS385 | DYS385 is a multi-copy marker, and includes DYS385a and DYS385b. The order of DYS385a and DYS385b may be reversed, their sequence is referred to as the Kittler order. | GAAA | 7 - 28 | 0.00226 | NIST fact sheet |
| DYS388 | ATT | 10-16 | 0.00022 [5] | ||
| DYS389 | DYS389 is a multi-copy marker, and includes DYS389i and DYS389ii. DYS389ii refers to the total length of DYS389. Therefore, when there is a one step mutation at DYS389i, it will also appear in DYS389ii. | (TCTG) (TCTA) (TCTG) (TCTA) | i:9-17
ii:24-34 |
0.00186, 0.00242 | NIST fact sheet |
| DYS390 | (TCTA) (TCTG) | 17-28 | 0.00311 | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS391 | TCTA | 6-14 | 0.00265 | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS392 | TAT | 6-17 | 0.00052 [5] | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS393 | DYS393 is also known as DYS395. | AGAT | 9-17 | 0.00076 | NIST fact sheet |
| DYS394 | DYS394 is also known as DYS19. | TAGA | 10-19 | 0.00151 | NIST fact sheet |
| DYS413 | Found in the Palindromic region of the Y DNA | ||||
| DYS425 | DYS425 is associated with the defining SNP for haplogroup I1b2a1, as the SNP M284 can render a null value at this marker. It is also commonly a place of occurrence for a recLOH which can render a null value. | TGT | 10-15 | [5] | |
| DYS426 | GTT | 10-12 | 0.00009 [5] | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS434 | TAAT (CTAT) | 9-12 | NIST fact sheet | ||
| DYS435 | TGGA | 9-13 | |||
| DYS436 | GTT | 9-15 | [5] | ||
| DYS437 | TCTA | 13-17 | 0.00099 | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS438 | TTTTC | 6-14 | 0.00055 | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS439 | DYS439 is also known as Y-GATA-A4. DYS439 is associated with the defining SNP for haplogroup R1b1c9a, as the SNP can render a null value at this marker. | AGAT | 9-14 | 0.00477 | NIST fact sheet |
| DYS441 | CCTT | 12-18 | A novel multiplex PCR system | ||
| DYS442 | TATC | 10-14 | 0.00324 | A novel multiplex PCR system | |
| DYS443 | TTCC | 12-17 | |||
| DYS444 | TAGA | 11-15 | A novel multiplex PCR system | ||
| DYS445 | TTTA | 10-13 | A novel multiplex PCR system | ||
| DYS446 | TCTCT | 10-18 | Sorenson Marker Details | ||
| DYS447 | TAAWA | 22-29 | 0.00264 | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS448 | AGAGAT | 20-26 | 0.00135 | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS449 | TTTC | 26-36 | 0.00838 | Sorenson Marker Details | |
| DYS450 | TTTTA | 8-11 | |||
| DYS452 | YATAC | 27-33 | |||
| DYS453 | AAAT | 9-13 | |||
DYS454
|
DYS454 is the least varying Y-STR marker commonly used in genealogical DNA testing. Of the entries for DYS454 at Ybase, 96% have 11 repeats, 3% have 10 repeats, and 2% have 12 repeats (source). | AAAT | 10-12 | 0.00016 | |
| DYS455 | AAAT | 8-12 | 0.00016 | Sorenson Marker Details | |
| DYS456 | AGAT | 13-18 | 0.00735 | Sorenson Marker Details | |
| DYS458 | GAAA | 13-20 | 0.00814 | Sorenson Marker Details | |
| DYS459 | This is a multi-copy marker, and includes DYS459a and DYS459b. | TAAA | 7-10 | 0.00132 | |
| DYS460 | DYS460 was originally known as Y-GATA-A7.1. | ATAG | 7-12 | 0.00402 | NIST fact sheet |
| DYS461 | DYS461 was originally known as Y-GATA-A7.2. | (TAGA) CAGA | 8-14 | NIST fact sheet | |
| DYS462 | TATG | 8-14 | |||
| DYS463 | AARGG | 18-27 | GDB fact sheet | ||
DYS464
|
DYS464 is a multi-copy marker, and includes DYS464a, DYS464b, DYS464c, and DYS464d. Rarely it can also include DYS464e, DYS464f, and DYS464g. DYS464 is the most varying Y-STR marker (source). This marker can also be typed with separate g-types and c-types to increase resolution. The type variance is based on a SNP that can be found in most R1b haplogroup males. It is part of the Palindromic region of Y DNA | CCTT | 9-20 | 0.00566 | Forensic value of the multicopy Y-STR marker DYS464 |
| DYS481 | CTT | 20-30 | [5] | ||
| DYS485 | TTA | 10-18 | [5] | ||
| DYS487 | ATT | 12-14 | [5] | ||
| DYS490 | TTA | 12-16 | [5] | ||
| DYS494 | TAT | 10 | [5] | ||
| DYS495 | AAT | 12-18 | [5] | ||
| DYS497 | TAT | 13-16 | [5] | ||
| DYS504 | |||||
| DYS505 | TCCT | 9-15 | |||
| DYS508 | TATC | 8-15 | |||
| DYS520 | ATAS | 18-26 | |||
| DYS522 | GATA | 8-17 | |||
| DYS525 | TAGA | 9-12 | |||
| DYS531 | AAAT | 11-13 | |||
| DYS532 | CTTT | 9-17 | |||
| DYS533 | ATCT | 9-14 | |||
| DYS534 | CTTT | 10-20 | |||
| DYS540 | TTAT | 10-13 | |||
| DYS549 | AGAT | 10-14 | |||
| DYS556 | AATA | 8-12 | |||
| DYS557 | TTTC | ||||
| DYS565 | TAAA | 9-14 | |||
| DYS570 | TTTC | 12-23 | 0.00790 | GDB fact sheet | |
| DYS572 | AAAT | 8-12 | |||
| DYS573 | TTTA | 8-11 | |||
| DYS575 | AAAT | 8-12 | |||
| DYS576 | AAAG | 13-21 | 0.01022 | ||
| DYS578 | AAAT | 7-10 | |||
| DYS589 | TTATT | 13 | |||
| DYS594 | TAAAA | 8-11 | |||
| DYS607 | AAGG | 8-20 | 0.00411 | ||
| DYS612 | |||||
| DYS614 | |||||
| DYS626 | AAAG | ||||
| DYS632 | CATT | ||||
| DYS635 | Also known as Y-GATA-C4 | TSTA compound | 17-27 | ||
| DYS636 | |||||
| DYS638 | TTTA | 10-12 | |||
| DYS641 | TAAA | 7-11 | |||
| DYS643 | CTTTT | 7-15 | |||
| DYS714 | |||||
| DYS716 | |||||
| DYS717 | |||||
| DYS724 | Palindromic; also known as CDY | 0.03531 | GDB Fact Sheet | ||
| DYS725 | Palindromic | ||||
| DYS726 | YSTR marker in the pericentromeric region. | 11-16 | |||
| DYF371 | DYF371 is a multicopy, palindromic region marker. Includes the DYS425 marker & can be informative in cases of null values at that marker. | ||||
| DYF385S1 | Duplicated YSTR marker in close proximity to DYS459 | 9-12 | |||
| DYF397 | DYF397 is a palindromic region marker. | ||||
| DYF399S1 | An asymmetric three allele STR locus that can be used to observe deletions and recombinational rearrangements in the palindromic region of the Y chromosome. | 17-29 (many incomplete alleles) | nomenclature | ||
| DYF401 | DYF401 is a palindromic region marker. | ||||
| DYF406S1 | |||||
| DYF408 | DYF408 is a palindromic region marker. | ||||
| DYF411 | DYF411 is a palindromic region marker. | ||||
| DXYS156 | |||||
| YCAII | YCAII is a multi-copy marker which includes YCAIIa & YCAIIb | 0.00123 | |||
| Y-GATA-H4 | TAGA | 8-13 (25-30) | 0.00208 | NIST fact sheet | |
| Y-GATA-C4 | see DYS635 | — | — | — | — |
| Y-GATA-A10 | TAGA | 13-18 | NIST fact sheet | ||
| Y-GGAAT-1B07 |
Notes & References
- ↑ DYS449 in the GDB Human Genome Database
- ↑ Chandler (2006) (but see also this mailing list discussion )
- ↑ YHRD mutation rates
- ↑ GENEALOGY-DNA-L Archives — DYS 388 Mutation Rate?
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 Trinucleotide - see #Mutation rates
- Kayser et al (2004), A Comprehensive Survey of Human Y-Chromosomal Microsatellites Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74 1183-1197. NB online only data file