Lupus nephritis historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omer Kamal, M.D.[2]
Overview
Lupus Nephritis was first discovered by Osler and Jadassohn, two physicians, in 1948 by the discovery of the LE cell in 1948. The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern. The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists investigated the manifestations of lupus and worked to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on a microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.
Historical Perspective
Discovery
The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern.[1] The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists investigated the manifestations of lupus and worked to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on a microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.
Classical History
- In ancient times, it was believed that lupus patients could turn into wolves, especially when exposed to sunlight. This false belief was later found to be related to lupus photosensitivity.[2]
- Hippocrates was the first to use the phrase "herpes esthiomenos," which was a definition for lupus lesions. Thus, Hippocrates is considered the first to have described cutaneous ulceration of the disease.[3][4]
Neoclassical History
- In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial lesions and used the term "lupus" for the first time scientifically.[3]
- In 1530 A.D., Giovanni Manardi used the same pattern of ulceration to describe lower extremity lesions and also called it lupus.
- In the late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British dermatologist, was the first to describe the destructive lesions of the face and nose under the heading of lupus. Lupus willani, which is cutaneous tuberculosis or lupus vulgaris, is named after him.
- In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it "erythema centrifugum." Later, his student Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave published his work.[5]
- In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin lesion with tissue destructive characteristics. Later, in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the term "butterfly" to describe what is known as malar rash. He initially named the condition "seborrhea congestiva."[6]
- In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of discoid lupus. He called it "lupus erythematosus."
- In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder, including arthritis, fever, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss.
- Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones who clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from lupus vulgaris or cutaneous tuberculosis, though both diseases coexist in some patients.
- In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term "systemic lupus erythematosus." He discussed systemic complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme,” including cardiac, pulmonary, and renal problems as well as cutaneous lesions.[6]
- In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the photosensitive nature of malar rash.
- In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe acroasphyxia, or the Raynaud phenomenon, and lupus nephritis.
- In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe pulmonary involvement in lupus.
- In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious endocarditis due to lupus.[7]
Modern History
- In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the first to describe endocarditis of Libman-Sacks as a manifestation of lupus, even without concurrent cutaneous involvement. They changed the common idea of the necessity of cutaneous involvement for the diagnosis of lupus.
- In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the first to describe wire loop nephritis.
- In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the familial aggregation of lupus and concordance in monozygotic twins.
- In 1906, Wasserman, while trying to develop a serologic test for syphilis, was the first to describe a complement-fixing antibody that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts. The corresponding antigen was later identified as cardiolipin.[7]
- In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several bone marrow preparations while adding serum from patients with lupus erythematosus to bone marrow preparations from normal subjects.[8]
- In 1954, Miescher and Fauconnet observed that absorption of lupus serum with nuclei prevented its ability to induce the LE cell phenomenon, suggesting that a globulin in the serum was reacting with, or destroying, the nuclei.[8]
- In 1954, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic were the first to describe drug-induced lupus erythematosus, which was induced by the antihypertensive drug hydralazine.[9]
- in 1958, George Friou discovered that the substance in the serum of patients with lupus erythematosus that reacted to the nuclei of cells was gamma globulin. He also discovered that the target in the nucleus was the complex of DNA and histones. He described the indirect immunoflourescence test to detect antinuclear antibodies. Autoantibodies like nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP), Smith, Ro, La, and anticardiolipin antibodies were discovered based on his primary work.[9]
- In 1959, the discovery of a lethal kidney disease in Otago Medical School in New Zealand represented a breakthrough in the understanding of lupus. The discovery provided many insights into disease mechanisms in immunopathogenesis of auto-antibody formation, immunologic tolerance, and the development of glomerulonephritis in lupus. The discovery also led to better evaluation of newer therapeutic agents in lupus erythematosus.[4]
- In 1971, the first classification criteria for lupus was established.
- In 1982, the criteria were revised by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to incorporate new advances in serologic testing (ANA and anti-dsDNA) and improved biostatistical techniques.[4][7]
- In 2012, the Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria in order to improve clinical relevance, meet stringent methodology requirements, and incorporate new knowledge in SLE immunology.[4]
Famous cases
- Michael Jackson, had both SLE and vitiligo; diagnosed in 1986, and confirmed by his dermatologist, Arnold Klein, who presented legal documents during court depositions.[10][11]
- Lady Gaga, has been tested borderline positive for SLE;[12] says she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.[13][14][11]
- Selena Gomez, American actress and singer was diagnosed with lupus.[15][11]
- Toni Braxton, hospitalized in Los Angeles in December 2012 because of "minor health issues" related to lupus.[16][11]
- Louisa May Alcott, American author best known for her novel Little Women; has been suggested to have had SLE.[17][11]
- Ferdinand Marcos, former Philippine president; died of SLE complications in 1989.[18][11]
- Hugh Gaitskell, British politician; died of SLE complications in 1963 aged 56.[19][11]
- Donald Byrne, American chess player; died from SLE complications in 1976.[20]
- Lauren Shuler Donner, American movie producer was diagnosed with lupus.[21][11]
- Caroline Dorough-Cochran, died of SLE complications. She was the sister of Howie D. of the Backstreet Boys, who founded the Dorough Lupus Foundation in her memory.[11]
- Pumpuang Duangjan, "queen of Thai country music", was diagnosed with lupus.[11]
- Juli Furtado, champion professional mountain biker was diagnosed with lupus.[22][11]
- Sophie Howard, British glamour model was diagnosed with lupus.[23][11]
- J Dilla (also known as Jay Dee), hip-hop producer and beat maker; died of SLE complications in 2006.[24][11]
- Teddi King, American singer; died of SLE complications in 1977.[25][11]
- Charles Kuralt, former anchor of CBS Sunday Morning; died of SLE complications in 1997.[26][11]
- Inday Ba (also known as N'Deaye Ba), Swedish-born actress; died from SLE complications at age 32.[27][11]
- Mary Elizabeth McDonough, American actress; believes her SLE to be due to silicone breast implants.[28][11]
- Flannery O'Connor, American fiction writer; died of SLE complications in 1964.[29][11]
- Tim Raines, former major league baseball player was diagnosed with lupus.[30][11]
- Ray Walston, character actor who died of SLE complications in 2001 after a six-year battle with the disease.[31][11]
- Michael Wayne, Hollywood director and producer; part owner of Batjac Productions; son of John Wayne, died of heart failure resulting from SLE complications in 2003.[32][11]
References
- ↑ Blotzer JW (1983). "Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects". Md State Med J. 32 (6): 439–41. PMID 6348430.
- ↑ Holubar K (1980). "Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette". Am J Dermatopathol. 2 (3): 239–42. PMID 7020464.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A (1994). "Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review". J Family Community Med. 1 (1): 19–29. PMC 3437177. PMID 23008531.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Smith CD, Cyr M (1988). "The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler". Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14 (1): 1–14. PMID 3041483.
- ↑ Scofield RH, Oates J (2009). "The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am. J. Med. Sci. 338 (5): 409–12. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71. PMC 2783313. PMID 19826244.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Arnett FC, Shulman LE (1976). "Studies in familial systemic lupus erythematosus". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (4): 313–22. PMID 781465.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 MOORE JE, SHULMAN LE, SCOTT JT (1956). "The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors: interim report". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 68: 59–67, discussion 67–8. PMC 2248934. PMID 13486608.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hargraves MM (1969). "Discovery of the LE cell and its morphology". Mayo Clin. Proc. 44 (9): 579–99. PMID 4186059.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 RUSSELL B (1955). "The history of lupus vulgaris: its recognition, nature, treatment and prevention". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 48 (2): 127–32. PMC 1919015. PMID 14357321.
- ↑ Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. Celebrities with Lupus: Michael Jackson. Updated: August 11, 2008.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 "View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia".
- ↑ Larry King Live interview, CNN, 1 June 2010.
- ↑ "Lady Gaga & Lupus — Larry King Interview". National Ledger. June 2, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ↑ "Lady Gaga 'can't walk,' postpones shows". USA Today. February 13, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
- ↑ [1], billboard.com, accessed 9 October 2015
- ↑ "LUPUS FORCES SINGER TONI BRAXTON INTO LA HOSPITAL". AP. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ↑ Hirschhorn N, Greaves IA (2007). "Louisa May Alcott: her mysterious illness". Perspect. Biol. Med. 50 (2): 243–59. doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0019. PMID 17468541.
- ↑ Famous Lupus Patient: Ferdinand Marcos. Updated: August 11, 2008.
- ↑ 1963: Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell dies. On This Day, BBC News, 18 January 1963.
- ↑ Cramer, Gary. Former chess coach named to Hall of Fame. Penn State Intercom, 26 September 2002.
- ↑ Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. Celebrities with Lupus: Lauren Schuler Donner. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 28, 2008.
- ↑ "Interview: Juli Furtado mountain biker, aka ‘The Queen’", 20th June 2013, Aoife Glass, totalwomenscycling.com
- ↑ Angie Davidson interviews top glamour model Sophie Howard, Lupus.org.uk, accessed 21 November 2008
- ↑ J Dilla/Jay Dee, Rap.About.com. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ↑ In the Beginning, 1949–1954 — Teddi King. Allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ↑ Celebrities with Lupus: Charles Kuralt. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 11, 2008.
- ↑ A battle with the wolf. Gardner, Anthony. Mail on Sunday, October 10, 2008.
- ↑ Celebrities with Lupus: Mary Elizabeth McDonough. Lupus.About.com. Updated: October 28, 2008.
- ↑ Flannery O'Connor (1925–1964). New Georgia Encyclopedia. Sarah Gordon, Georgia College and State University. Updated 2008-03-21
- ↑ Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. Celebrities with Lupus: Tim Raines. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 28, 2008
- ↑ Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. Celebrities with Lupus: Ray Walston. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 11, 2008.
- ↑ Mclellan, Dennis. Michael Wayne, 68; Producer, Guardian of His Father's Legacy. Los Angeles Times, April 4, 2003.