Macrophagic myofasciitis
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Macrophagic Myofasciitis, or MMF, is a rare muscle disease identified in 1993. The disease is characterized by microscopic lesions found in muscle biopsies that show infiltration of muscle tissue by PAS-positive macrophages.[1] Specific causes of MMF are unknown. Intramuscular injections aluminium-containing vaccines have been implicated.[1] Many of those affected with the disease had previously been treated for malaria with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for malaria.[2]
Clinical symptoms include muscle pain, joint pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, fever, and muscle tenderness. A diagnosis can only be identified with an open muscle biopsy of the vaccinated muscle.[3]
Studies at the University of Paris have shown that MMF lesions result when the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant from a vaccine remains embedded in the tissue and causes a steady immune reaction. [4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cherin P; Authier F-J, Creange1 A; Creange, A; et al. (May 2001). "Central nervous system disease in patients with macrophagic myofasciitis". Brain. 124 (5): 974–983. doi:10.1093/brain/124.5.974. ISSN 1460-2156. OCLC 39378352. PMID 11335699. Retrieved 2009-05-14. Unknown parameter
|author-separator=ignored (help) - ↑ medicinenet.com, "Definition of Macrophagic myofasciitis". Accessed August 22, 2013.
- ↑ Fischer D; Reimann J; Schröder R (31 October 2003). "Macrophagic myofasciitis: inflammatory, vaccination-associated muscular disease". Brain. 128 (44): 2305–2308. doi:10.1055/s-2003-43184. ISSN 1439-4413. OCLC 163397752. PMID 14593574. Retrieved 2009-05-14. Unknown parameter
|author-separator=ignored (help) - ↑ Gherardi R.K.; Coquet M.; Cherin P. (September 2001). "Macrophagic myofasciitis lesions assess long-term persistence of vaccine-derived aluminium hydroxide in muscle". Brain. 124 (9): 1821–1831. doi:10.1093/brain/124.9.1821. PMID 11522584. Unknown parameter
|author-separator=ignored (help)