Medical therapy for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease

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AHA/ACC Guidelines on Management of Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Clinical Assessment of Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing for suspected PAD
Guidelines for Screening for Atherosclerotic Disease in Other Vascular Beds in patients with Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Medical Therapy for Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Structured Exercise Therapy for Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Minimizing Tissue Loss in Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Revascularization of Claudication in Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Management of CLI in Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Management of Acute Limb Ischemial in Lower Extremity PAD
Guidelines for Longitudinal Follow-up for Lower Extremity PAD
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]

2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease

Recommendations for Medical Therapy for the Patient With PAD

Recommendations for Antiplatelet Agents:

Class I

"1.Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin alone (range 75–325 mg per day) or clopidogrel alone (75 mg per day) is recommended to reduce MI, stroke, and vascular death in patients with symptomatic PAD.(Level of Evidence: A)"

Class IIa

"1. In asymptomatic patients with PAD (ABI ≤0.90), antiplatelet therapy is reasonable to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, or vascular death. (Level of Evidence: C-EO)"

Class IIb

"1. In asymptomatic patients with borderline ABI (0.91–0.99), the usefulness of antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, or vascular death is uncertain. (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

"2. The effectiveness of dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) (aspirin and clopidogrel) to reduce the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events in patients with symptomatic PAD is not well established. (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

"3. DAPT(aspirin and clopidogrel) may be reasonable to reduce the risk of limb related events in patients with symptomatic PAD after lower extremity revascularization. (Level of Evidence: C-LD)"

"4. The overall clinical benefit of vorapaxar added to existing antiplatelet therapy in patients with symptomatic PAD is uncertain. (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

Recommendation for Statin Agents:

Class I

"1.Treatment with a statin medication is indicated for all patients with PAD. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Recommendations for Antihypertensive Agents:

Class I

"1. Antihypertensive therapy should be administered to patients with hypertension and PAD to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular death. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Class IIa

"1.The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers can be effective to reduce the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events in patients with PAD. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Recommendation for Oral Anticoagulation:

Class III (Harm)

"1. Anticoagulation should not be used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events in patients with PAD. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Class IIb

"1. The usefulness of anticoagulation to improve patency after lower extremity autogenous vein or prosthetic bypass is uncertain. (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

Recommendation for Recommendations for Smoking Cessation:

Class I

"1. Patients with PAD who smoke cigarettes or use other forms of tobacco should be advised at every visit to quit. (Level of Evidence: A)"

"2. Patients with PAD who smoke cigarettes should be assisted in developing a plan for quitting that includes pharmacotherapy (i.e., varenicline, bupropion, and/or nicotine replacement therapy) and/or referral to a smoking cessation program. (Level of Evidence: A)"

"3. Patients with PAD should avoid exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work, at home, and in public places. (Level of Evidence: B-NR)"

Recommendations for Glycemic Control:

Class I

"1.Management of diabetes mellitus in the patient with PAD should be coordinated between members of the healthcare team. (Level of Evidence: C-EO)"

Class IIa

"1.Glycemic control can be beneficial for patients with CLI to reduce limb-related outcomes. (Level of Evidence: B-NR)"

Recommendation for Cilostazol:

Class I

"1.Cilostazol is an effective therapy to improve symptoms and increase walking distance in patients with claudication. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Recommendation for Pentoxifylline:

Class III (No beneft)

"1. Pentoxifylline is not effective for treatment of claudication. (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

Recommendation for Chelation Therapy:

Class III (No beneft)

"1. Chelation therapy (e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is not beneficial for treatment of claudication. (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

Recommendation for Homocysteine Lowering:

Class III (No beneft)

"1.B-complex vitamin supplementation to lower homocysteine levels for prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with PAD is not recommended. (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

Recommendation for Influenza Vaccination:

Class I

"1.Patients with PAD should have an annual influenza vaccination. (Level of Evidence: C-EO)"