Mitotoxin

WikiDoc Resources for Mitotoxin
Articles
Most recent articles on Mitotoxin Most cited articles on Mitotoxin Review articles on Mitotoxin Articles on Mitotoxin in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Mitotoxin Images of Mitotoxin Photos of Mitotoxin Podcasts & MP3s on Mitotoxin Videos on Mitotoxin
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Mitotoxin Bandolier on Mitotoxin TRIP on Mitotoxin
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Mitotoxin at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Mitotoxin Clinical Trials on Mitotoxin at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Mitotoxin NICE Guidance on Mitotoxin NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Mitotoxin CDC on Mitotoxin
Books
Books on Mitotoxin
News
Mitotoxin in the news Be alerted to news on Mitotoxin News trends on Mitotoxin
Commentary
Blogs on Mitotoxin
Definitions
Definitions of Mitotoxin
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Mitotoxin Discussion groups on Mitotoxin Patient Handouts on Mitotoxin Directions to Hospitals Treating Mitotoxin Risk calculators and risk factors for Mitotoxin
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Mitotoxin Causes & Risk Factors for Mitotoxin Diagnostic studies for Mitotoxin Treatment of Mitotoxin
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Mitotoxin
International
Mitotoxin en Espanol Mitotoxin en Francais
Business
Mitotoxin in the Marketplace Patents on Mitotoxin
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Mitotoxin

Maitotoxin is the toxin that causes ciguatera poisoning. Maitotoxin was named from the ciguateric fish Ctenochaetus striatus—called “maito” in Tahiti—from which maitotoxin was isolated for the first time. Later on, it was revealed that maitotoxin is made by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.

The toxicity of maitotoxin to mice is the highest in nonprotein toxins: the LD50 is 50 ng/kg. Maitotoxin induces Ca²⁺ influx into cell lines when its concentration is nanomolar to picomolar, and at lower concentrations than picomolar, maitotoxin stimulates degradation of inositol phosphate. The mechanisms of the activities have not been determined yet.

Maitotoxin's molecular formula is C₁₆₄H₂₅₆O₆₈S₂Na₂, and its molecular weight is 3422: it is the largest natural product among compounds that do not have well-known units like proteins or polysaccharides. Maitotoxin includes 32 ether rings, 22 methyls, 28 hydroxyls, and 2 sulfuric acid esters. Maitotoxin has an amphipathic structure: polar radicals localize at the A to O rings, and methyls localize at the R to F' rings.

The chemical structure of mitotoxin was determined in 1996 by using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, mass spectroscopy, and synthetic chemical methods.

File:Mitotoxin.jpg

Molecular structure of maitotoxin