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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Pratik Bahekar, MBBS [2]

Overview

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was created in 1996 by Dr. Ziad Nasreddine in Montreal, Canada. It was validated in the setting of mild cognitive impairment, and has subsequently been adopted in numerous other settings clinically.

The MoCA test is a one-page 30-point test administered in approximately 10 minutes. The test and administration instructions are freely accessible for clinicians at www.mocatest.org. The test is available in 36 languages and dialects. There are 3 alternate forms in the english, designed for use in longitudinal settings.

Discription

The MoCA assesses several cognitive domains: attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuoconstructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation.

  • The short-term memory recall task (5 points) involves two learning trials of five nouns and delayed recall after approximately 5 minutes. *Visuospatial abilities are assessed using a clock-drawing task (3 points) and a three-dimensional cube copy (1 point).
  • Multiple aspects of executive functions are assessed using an alternation task adapted from the trail-making B task (1 point), a phonemic fluency task (1 point), and a two-item verbal abstraction task (2 points).
  • Attention, concentration and working memory are evaluated using a sustained attention task (target detection using tapping; 1 point), a serial subtraction task (3 points), and digits forward and backward (1 point each).
  • Language is assessed using a three-item confrontation naming task with low-familiarity animals (lion, camel, rhinoceros; 3 points), repetition of two syntactically complex sentences (2 points), and the aforementioned fluency task.
  • Orientation to time and place is evaluated (6 points).

The time taken for test can vary, it's usually can be administered in 10 minutes. Maximum score that can be achieved on MoCA is 30, and scores above 26 are considered normal.

Avarage Score Cut-Off
Normal

27.4

>26

Dementia

16.2

<26

Mild Cognitive Impairment

22.1

<26

[1]

Uses

MoCA is used to detect mild cognitive impairment in:

Other Applications

Since the MoCA assesses multiple cognitive domains, it may be a useful cognitive screening tool for several neurological diseases that affect younger populations, such as traumatic brain injury, depression, and schizophrenia.

International Versions

Because MoCA is english specific, linguistic and cultural translations are made in order to adapt the test in other countries. For instance, in the Filipino version that is still being developed, Filipino translation of the English words is supplemented with changes in some of the images that locals can identify such as with the replacement of rhinoceros with an owl.[3] The MoCA test has now been translated to 36 languages and dialects.[4]

Recommendation

The MoCA has been recommended by:

The National Institutes of Health and the Canadian Stroke Consortium for detection of vascular cognitive Impairment (Hachinski et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke. 2006, Sep;37(9):2220-41).

The Canadian Consensus Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia for detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s disease (Third Canadian Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association October 2007 (Vol. 3, Issue 4).

Validation Study

The MoCA test validation study (Nasreddine et al., 2005) has shown the MoCA to be a promising tool for detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Early Alzheimer's disease compared with the well-known Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). However, it had been established that the MMSE is not well suited for mild cognitive impairment, which raises the question whether it is an adequate "standard" to compare performance with the MoCA.

According to the validation study (Nasreddine et al., 2005), the sensitivity and specificity of the MoCA for detecting MCI (n=94 subjects) were 90% and 87% respectively, compared with 18% and 100% respectively for the MMSE. Subsequent work in other settings are less promising, though generally superior to the MMSE.

In the same study, the sensitivity and specificity of the MoCA for detecting Early AD (n=93 subjects) were 100% and 87% respectively, compared with 78% and 100% respectively for the MMSE. Normal Controls (n=90 subjects) had an average age of 72.84 and average education of 13.33 years.

Multiple cultural and linguistic variables may affect the norms of the MoCA across different countries and languages. Several cut-off scores have been suggested across different languages to compensate for education level of the population, and several modifications were also necessary to accommodate certain linguistic and cultural differences across different languages/countries. However, most of these versions have not been validated.

Upcoming Developments

  • MoCA-MIS (Montreal Cognitive Assessment Memory Index Score): To predict mild cognitive impairment conversion to alzheimer's disease. Abstract presented at AAIC Conference, Vancouver 2012
  • MoCA-ACE: Collect data for Age (18-99 years), Culture (10 languages), and Education (3-15 and more years)
  • MoCA-Drive: MoCA's ability to predict outcome on a road test
  • MoCA-Alternate versions: To develop parallel versions of the test to decrease possible learning effects when the test is frequently administered
  • MoCA-Basic: An effort to adapt MoCA for illiterate and less educated
  • Mini-MoCA: Shorter version of the MoCA
  • MoCA-ADL: An correlation of cognition domains of the MoCA with everyday function
  • MoCA-App: To increase reach via tablet/smart phones
  • MoCA-Certification: Online program aimed to improve standardized administration and interpretation[5]

Studies on MoCA

Alzheimer / MCI

  • Roalf et al. Comparative accuracies of two common screening instruments for classification of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging. Alzheimer's & Dementia Volume 9, Issue 5 , Pages 529-537, September 2013.
  • Gagnon et al. Correcting the MoCA for Education: Effect on Sensitivity. Can J neurol Sci. 2013; 40: 678-683.
  • Alagiakrishnan K et al. Montreal cognitive assessment is superior to standardized mini-mental status exam in detecting mild cognitive impairment in the middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:186106.
  • Wang et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination performance in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and normal participants in Taiwan. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Aug 7:1-10. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Fujiwara et al. Physical and Sociopsychological Characteristics of Older Community Residents With Mild Cognitive Impairment as Assessed by the Japanese Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2013 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Jiang et al. The association between mild cognitive impairment and doing housework. Aging Ment Health. 2013 Aug 6.
  • Ladas et al. Eye Blink Rate as a biological marker of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Int J Psychophysiol. 2013 Aug 1.
  • Dong et al. Comparison of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Mini-Mental State Examination in detecting multi-domain mild cognitive impairment in a Chinese sub-sample drawn from a population-based study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Jul 22:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Niu et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors of mild cognitive impairment among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2013 Sep-Oct;27(5):443-6. Epub 2013 Jul 9.
  • Ismail et al. Canadian academy of geriatric psychiatry survey of brief cognitive screening instruments. Can Geriatr J. 2013 Jun 3;16(2):54-60.
  • Gluhm, S et al. Cognitive Performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Across the Healthy Adult Lifespan. Cognitive & Behavioral Neurology: March 2013 - Volume 26 - Issue 1 - p 1–5
  • Freitas S. et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment: validation study for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2013 Jan;27(1) 37-43.
  • Larner et al. Comparing diagnostic accuracy of cognitive screening instruments: a weighted comparison approach. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013 Jan;3(1):60-5.
  • Boiko et al. [Possibilities of medical correction of moderate cognitive impairment]. [Article in Russian] Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2013;113(2):28-32.
  • Salma S. Soleman Hernandez et al. Apathy, cognitive function and motor function in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Neuropsychol 2012 December;6(4):236-243.
  • Parunyou Julayanont, Melanie Brousseau, Michael Borrie, Howard Chertkow, Natalie Phillips, Ziad Nasreddine. Montreal Cognitive Assessment Memory Index Score, MoCA-MIS, As a Predictor of Mild Cognitive Impairment Conversion to Alzheimer's Disease. Abstract presented at AAIC Conference, Vancouver 2012.
  • Freitas S. et al. (2012). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Validation study for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e3182420bfe.
  • David R. Roalf et al. Comparative accuracies of two common screening instruments for classification of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging. Alzheimer's & Dementia Journal (2012) 1-9 Article in press. Published online 26
  • Michal Lifshitz et al. Validation of the Hebrew Version of the MoCA Test as a Screening Instrument for the Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Individuals. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2012 25:155.
  • Magierska J. et al. Clinical application of the Polish adaptation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test in screening for cognitive impairment. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska 2012, 46(2):130-139
  • Kriscinda A. Whitney, Brad Mossbarger, Steven M. Herman, Summer L. Ibarra. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination in Detecting Subtle Cognitive Impairment Among Middle-Aged Outpatient U.S. Military Veterans? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology Advance Access published July 4, 2012. doi:10.1093/arclin/acs060.
  • Markwick A, Zamboni G, de Jager CA. Profiles of cognitive subtest impairment in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a research cohort with normal Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2012 Aug;34(7):750-7. Epub 2012 Apr 3.
  • Larner A.J.. Screening utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): in place of -or as well as - the MMSE? International psychogeriatrics; 2012 Mar;24(3):391-6.
  • Zhao S. et al. A clinical memory battery for screening for amnestic mild cognitive impairment in an elderly chinese population. Journal of clinical neuroscience, 18(6), 774-9, 2011. Elsevier Ltd.
  • Olson R, et al. Prospective comparison of two cognitive screening tests: diagnostic accuracy and correlation with community integration and quality of life. Journal of neuro-oncology, 105, 337-344, 2011.
  • Catherine C. Price et al. Clock Drawing in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Recommendations for Dementia Assessment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2011;31:179-187.
  • H. Chertkow, N. Phillips, Z. Nasreddine, V. Whitehead. Severity of mild cognitive impairment does not predict progression. Presented at the ADI Toronto, March 29, 2011.
  • Anne M. Damian et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Mini-Mental State Examination as Screening Instruments for Cognitive Impairment: Item Analyses and Threshold Scores. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 2011;31:126-131.
  • Mitchell A. J., Malladi S. Screening and case finding tools for the detection of dementia. Part 1: evidence-based meta-analysis of multidomain tests. The American Journal of Geriatric psychiatry, 18(9), 759-82, 2010.
  • Thissen AJ et al. Applicability and validity of the Dutch version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-d) in diagnosing MCI.Gerontol Geriatr 2010 Dec;41(6):231-40.
  • Defranceso M. et al. Conversion from MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment) to Alzheimer's disease: diagnostic options and predictors). Neuropsychiatr;2010;24(2):88-98.
  • Cuttini C. et al. Initiation in Dementia: Are we detecting it? Department of Medicine, division of Geriatrics, Queen's University,Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Abstract presented at the Canadian Conference on Dementia, Toronto, Oct. 1-3, 2010.
  • Michael Lerch et al. Could the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) be the new "gold standard" in cognitive evaluation in geriatric patients: a clinical comparison. The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, Vol. 6, Issue 4, Supplement page S494, July 2010.
  • Kaynak Selekler et al. Power of discrimination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Scale in Turkish Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2010;13(3) 166-171.
  • Fujiwara Y. et al. Brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment in older Japanese: Validation of the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Geriatr Gerontol. Int. 2010;10:225-232.
  • Guo Qi-Hao et al. Application study of quick cognitive screening test in identifying mild cognitive impairment. Neuroscience Bulletin, February 2010, 26(1):47:54.
  • Walter Wittich, Natalie Phillips, Ziad Nasreddine, Howard Chertkow. Sensitivity and specificity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment modified for individuals who are visually impaired. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, June 2010, 104(6), 360-368.
  • Luis CA et al. Cross validation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in community dwelling older adults residing in the Southeastern US. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Online issue, October 21st, 2008, published 2009;24: 197-201.
  • Ging-Yuek R. Hsiung et al. A Pilot Study on Computerized Cognitive Training in Mild Cognitive Impairment. 5th Canadian Conference on Dementia in Toronto, Oct. 1-3, 2009. The Canadian Journal of Geriatrics, Volume 12, Issue 3, Sept. 2009, page 124.
  • Defrancesco M. et al. Association of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and depression. Neuropsychiatr;2009;23(3):144-50.
  • Dekkers M. et al. Awareness in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr;2009 Feb;40(1):17-23.
  • A. Garcia et al. Apathy in Dementia: Are we detecting it? 5th Canadian Conference on Dementia in Toronto, Oct. 1-3, 2009. The Canadian Journal of Geriatrics, Volume 12, Issue 3, Sept. 2009, page 121.
  • Lisa Sweet, phd et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Geriatric Rehabilitation: Psychometric Properties and Association with Rehabilitation Outcomes. 5th Canadian Conference on Dementia in Toronto, Oct. 1-3, 2009. The Canadian Journal of Geriatrics, Volume 12, Issue 3, Sept. 2009, page 113.
  • Benjamin Lam et al. Validation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment against Detailed Neuropsychological Measures. 5th Canadian Conference on Dementia in Toronto, Oct. 1-3, 2009. The Canadian Journal of Geriatrics, Volume 12, Issue 3, Sept. 2009, page 138.
  • Hemrungrojn S et al. The cognitive domains from Thai-Montreal cognitive assessment test to discriminate between amnestic MCI and mild AD from normal aging. Presented at the International Psychogeriatric Association Conference, Sept. 2009, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
  • Koski L. et al. Measuring Cognition in a Geriatric Outpatient Clinic: Rasch Analysis of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, Volume 22, Number 3, Sept. 2009, page 151-160.
  • Rahman, Tomader Taha Abdel; El Gaafary, Maha Mohamed. Montreal Cognitive Assessment Arabic version: Reliability and validity prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among elderly attending geriatric clubs in Cairo. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, Volume 9, Number 1, March 2009, pp. 54-61 (8).
  • JL Richard et al. Use of the MoCA in Patients Presenting to a Memory Disorders Clinic. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 17:A112.
  • Liu-Ambrose T.Y. et al. Increased Risk of Falling in Older Mild Cognitive Impairment. Physical Therapy, 88(12), 1482-91, 2008.
  • Jun-Young Lee et al. Brief Screening for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Outpatient Clinic: Validation of the Korean Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 2008, 21;2:104-110.
  • Nestor SM et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: a retrospective pilot study measuring longitudinal cognitive change in people with mild cognitive impairment. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Geriatrics Society, Montreal, Canada. Canadian J of Geriatrics, Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2008, p63.
  • Smith M et al. Case finding of people with cognitive impairment using screening clinics during Alzheimer awareness month. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Geriatrics Society, Montreal, Canada. Canadian J of Geriatrics, Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2008, p37.
  • Tobinick et al. Rapid cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease following perispinal etanercept administration. Journal of Neuroinflammation, January 2008, 5:2 (e-publication).
  • Rolf Sebaldt et al. Detection of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Using the Animal Fluency Test: The Decide Study, The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, Volume 36, Issue 5, Sept. 2009, page 599.
  • Song S et al. Executive impairment and MoCA performance in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Presented at the International Neuropsychological Society Annual Meeting. Buenos Aires, Argentina. July 2-5, 2008, p. 258.
  • Wen HB et al. The application of Montreal cognitive assessment in urban Chinese residents of Beijing. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2008 Jan;47(1):36-9. Chinese.
  • Shiroky et al. Can you have dementia with an MMSE score of 30. Am J of Alzheimers Dis Other Demen Oct-Nov 2007;22:5;406-415.
  • Smith T et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: validity and utility in a memory clinic setting. Can J Psychiatry, 2007 May; 52(5):329-32.
  • J. Reban. Montrealsky kognitivni test/MoCA/: prinos k diagnostice predemenci, Ceska Geriatricka, Revue 2006 (4):224-229.
  • Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A Brief Screening Tool For Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53:695-699, 2005.
  • Nasreddine ZS et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): a Brief Cognitive Screening Tool for Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neurology, Volume 62, Number 7 S(5) April 2004, A132. Presented at the American Academy of Neurology Meeting, San Francisco, May 2004.
  • Nasreddine ZS et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): a Brief Cognitive Screening Tool for Detection of Mild Cognitive Iimpairment. Presented at the 8th International Montreal/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy. http://www.siumed.edu/cme/AlzBrochure04.pdf, p.90, April 14-17, 2004.
  • Nasreddine ZS et al. Sensitivity and Specificity of The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for Detection of Mild Cognitive Deficits. Can J Neurol Sci., Volume 30, Number 2, Supplement 2/May 2003, p.30. Presented at Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences Meeting, Quebec City, Quebec, June 2003.

Frontotemporal

  • Freitas S. et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Validation study for Frontotemporal Dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2012 Sep;25(3):146-54.

HIV

  • Overton et al. The Alzheimer's disease-8 and Montreal Cognitive Assessment as screening tools for neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected persons. J Neurovirol. 2013 Feb;19(1):109-16.
  • Vance et al. Assessing and Treating Forgetfulness and Cognitive Problems in Adults with HIV. Journal of the Association of nurses in aids care Vol. 24, No. 1S, January/February 2013.
  • Chartier, M. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A pilot study of a brief screening tool for mild and moderate cognitive impairment in HIV-positive Veterans. Poster presentation at the American Conference for the Treatment of HIV. (2011, April).
  • Meera Oza. Brain injury and lower cognitive function are common in people with HIV (CROI 2011). The AIDS Beacon.
  • Koski L. et al. Computerized testing augments pencil-and-paper tasks in measuring HIV-associated mild cognitive impairment. HIV Med. 2011 Mar 13. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2010.00910.x. (Epub ahead of print).

Huntington

  • Ondrej Bezdicek et al. Validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the Detection of Cognitive Dysfunction in Huntington's Disease. Neuropsychology: Adult, 20:1, 33-40, 2013.
  • Videnovic A. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease. Movement Disorders, 2010: 25(3):401-4.
  • Mickes Laura et al. A Comparison of Two Brief Screening Measures of Cognitive Impairment in Huntington's Disease. Movement Disorders, Volume 25, Issue 13, pages 2229-2233, Oct. 2010.
  • Lessig S. et al. Usefulness of Two Brief Cognitive Screening Measures in Huntington's Disease. Poster. Neurotherapeutics, Volume 7, Number 1, 2010, page 139.

Lewy Body

  • Wang et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination performance in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia with Lewy bodies,

Alzheimer's disease, and normal participants in Taiwan. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Aug 7:1-10. [Epub ahead of print] Multiple Sclerosis

  • Dagenais E. et al. Value of the MoCA Test as a Screening Instrument in Multiple Sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci. May 2013; 40:(3):410-5.
  • Lauren Krupp et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a Screening Tool for Cognitive Functioning in Multiple Sclérosis (MS). Neurology, Volume 76, Number 9, March 1, 2011. Abstract P06.082.
  • K. Waspe et al. Evaluation of Modified Montreal Cognitive assessment in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Multiple Sclerosis, 2008;14(supp 1) p. S29. Presented at ECTRIMS meeting, Montreal, Sept. 2008.

Neuropsychology

  • Freitas S. et al. (2012). Construct validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Journal of International Neuropsychology Society, 18,242-250. doi:10.1017/S1355617711001573.

Parkinson

  • Arun Aggarwal et al. Cognitive Screening Tool in Parkinson's Disease: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) Versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Doi:10.4172/scientificreports.279.
  • Roser Ribosa et al. Comparative Accuracy of the PD-CRS, Mattis DRS, MoCA and SCOPA-COG for Screening Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology, Volume 76, Number 9, March 1, 2011. Abstract P06.088.
  • Melissa J. et al. Validating the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology, Volume 76, Number 9, March 1, 2011. Abstract P07.084.
  • J.C. Dalrymple-Alford et al. The MoCA: Well-suited screen for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2010;75;1717.
  • Chou K.L. et al. A recommended scale for cognitive screening in clinical trials of Parkinson's disease. Movement disorders, 25(15), 2501-7, 2010.
  • Hanna-Pladdy B. et al. Utility of the NeuroTrax computerized Battery for Cognitive Screening in Parkinson's Disease: Comparison with the MMSE and the MoCA. International Journal of Neuroscience, August 2010;120(8):538-43.
  • Meike Kasten et al. Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and Dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2010 75;479-479.
  • Sarah H. et al. Pilot study of a three-step diagnostic pathway for young and old patients with Parkinson's disease dementia: screen, test and then diagnose. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010;25:258-265.
  • Luo Xia-Guang et al. Cognitive Deterioration Rates in Patients with Parkinson's Disease from Northeastern China. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2010;30:64-70.
  • Melzer T R et al. Cognition and the limbic system in early Parkinson's disease: A DTI investigation. Abstract, NeuroImage 2009, 47 (Suppl. 1): S115.
  • Hoops S et al. Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009, November 24; 73(21):1738-1745.
  • Sarra et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment Performance in Patients with Parkinson's Disease with "Normal" Global Cognition According to Mini-Mental State Examination Score. J Am Geriatr Soc, Volume 57, Number 2, February 2009, pp. 304-308(5).
  • Gill DJ et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disorders, Volume 23, Number 7, 2008, pp. 1043-1046.
  • Lessig S et al. Examination of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and MMSE in Parkinson's disease (PD). Abstract T-82. Presented at American Neurological Association Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 24th, 2008.
  • Zadikoff C et al. A comparison of the Mini-Mental state exam to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in identifying cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disorders, 2008 January 30;23(2):297-9.

Pulmonary disease

  • Villeneuve S. et al. Mild Cognitive Impairment in Moderate to Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A preliminary study. Chest 2012, 142(6):1516-1523. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-3035

REM

  • Gagnon JF. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: A Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Movement Disorders 2010, May 15;25(7):936-40.

Schizophrenia

  • Fisekovic et al. Correlation between moca and mmse for the assessment of cognition in schizophrenia. Acta Inform Med. 2012 Sep;20(3):186-9.

Sleep Apnea

  • Wang WH et al. Relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognitive function of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome patients. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012 Nov;5(11):906-10. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60169-2.
  • Chen R. et al. Neurocognitive impairment in Chinese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome. REspirology, 16(5), 842-848, 2011.

Sport Medicine

  • Debert CT et al. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): baseline evaluation of cognition in the athletic population. Abstracts from the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport (Zurich, 2012) Br J Sports Med 2013;47:e1 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-092101.12.

Stroke Rehabilitation

  • Aggarwal A, Kean E. Comparison of the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a Cognitive Screening Tool in an Inpatient Rehabilitation Setting. Neuroscience & Medicine, 2010, 1, 39-42.

Substance Disorders

  • Rojo-Mota et al. [Neurocognitive screening in substance addicts: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment]. Rev Neurol. 2013 Feb 1;56(3):129-36. [Article in Spanish]
  • Copersino ML et al. Rapid cognitive screening of patients with substance abuse disorders. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 17(5):337-344, 2009.

Trauma

  • De Guise et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury. Applied Neuropsychology. Adult. Published online: 22 Aug 2013
  • Wong et al. Validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for traumatic brain injury patients with intracranial haemorrhage. Brain Inj. 2013;27(4):394-8. . Epub 2013 Mar 8.

Tumors

  • Olson R et al. Prospective comparison of the prognostic utility of the Mini Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with brain metastases. Support Care Cancer, published online October 19th, 2010.
  • Olson R et al. Investigation of cognitive screening measures in patients with brain tumors: diagnostic accuracy & correlation with quality of life. 2009 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida. May 29-June 2, 2009. Abstract ID:e13000.
  • Olson R et al. Comparison of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (M0CA) to a Comprehensive Neuropsychological Assessment in Patients with Brain Tumors. 11 th World Congress of Psycho-Oncology. Vienna, Austria. June 21-25, 2009. Abstract P3.7.17.
  • Olson R et al. Comparison of Two Cognitive Screening Measures, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in Patients with Brain Tumors. Canadian Association of Psychosocial Oncology, 2009 Conference. Vancouver, British Columbia. April 1-4, 2009. Abstract ID:P245.
  • Olson RA et al. Feasibility study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in patients with brain metastases. Supportive Care in Cancer. March 12, 2008, 16:1273-1278.

Vascular

  • Zhang et al. Electroencephalogram Analysis: An Early Diagnostic Method for Assessing Cognitive Impairment After Cerebral Hemorrhage. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2013 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Dong et al. Cognitive screening improves the predictive value of stroke severity scores for functional outcome 3–6 months after mild stroke and transient ischaemic attack: an observational study. 2 September 2013. BMJ Open 2013;3:e003105 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003105.
  • Salvadori et al. Predictive value of MoCA in the acute phase of stroke on the diagnosis of mid-term cognitive impairment. J Neurol. 2013 Sep;260(9):2220-7.
  • Bocti et al. Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Most Useful Subtests of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Minor Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013;36:154–162.
  • Ihara et al. Suitability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment versus the Mini-Mental State Examination in Detecting Vascular Cognitive Impairment. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 Aug;22(6):737-41.
  • Cumming et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013 Aug;128(2):122-9.
  • Sikaroodi et al. Cognitive impairments in patients with cerebrovascular risk factors: A comparison of Mini Mental Status Exam and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Aug;115(8):1276-80.
  • Koski et al. Validity and Applications of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the Assessment of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 Jul 30;36(1):6-18. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Wu et al. The effects of educational background on Montreal Cognitive Assessment screening for vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia, caused by ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 2013 Jul 24. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Harkness et al. Cognitive function and self-care management in older patients with heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2013 Jun 3. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Pasi et al. Factors predicting the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) applicability and performances in a stroke unit. J Neurol. 2013 Jun;260(6):1518-26.
  • Hwang et al. Effects of falls experience on cognitive functions and physical activities in community-dwelling individuals with chronic stroke. Int J Rehabil Res. 2013 Jun;36(2):134-9.
  • Marzolini et al. The effects of an aerobic and resistance exercise training program on cognition following stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013 Jun;27(5):392-402.
  • Shopin et al. Cognitive Assessment in Proximity to Acute Ischemic Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack: Comparison of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test and MindStreams Computerized Cognitive Assessment Battery. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36(1-2):36-42. 13 May 23.
  • Cheng et al. Effects of carotid artery stenting on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and carotid stenosis. Exp Ther Med. 2013 Apr;5(4):1019-1024.
  • Zhang et al. Relationship between cerebral microbleeds and cognitive function in lacunar infarct. J Int Med Res. 2013 Apr;41(2):347-55.
  • Wong et al. Comparison of montreal cognitive assessment and mini-mental state examination in evaluating cognitive domain deficit following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. PLoS One. 2013;8(4). Epub 2013 Apr 3.
  • Zhao et al. Executive dysfunction in patients with cerebral hypoperfusion after cerebral angiostenosis/occlusion. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2013;53(3):141-7.
  • Ball et al. Mild cognitive impairment in high-risk patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: a forgotten component of clinical management? Heart. 2013 Apr;99(8):542-7.
  • Mai et al. Screening for cognitive impairment in a stroke prevention clinic using the MoCA. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013 Mar;40(2):192-7.
  • Tu et al. Reliability, validity, and optimal cutoff score of the montreal cognitive assessment (changsha version) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients of hunan province, China. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013 Feb 16;3(1):25-36.
  • Tan et al. [Clinical research of early intervention of modified shuyu pill in vascular cognitive impairment no dementia]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2013 Jan;33(1):27-30. Article in Chinese.
  • Ihara et al. Association of Physical Activity with the Visuospatial/Executive Functions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Patients with Vascular Cognitive Impairment. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012 Nov 12. pii: S1052-3057(12)00339-4.
  • Masafumi Ihara et al. Association of Physical Activity with the Visuospatial / Executive Functions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Patients with Vascular Cognitive Impairment. doi:10.1016/ j. strokecerebrovasdis.2012.10.007.
  • Freitas S, Simoes MR, Alves L, Vicente M, Santana I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Validation Study for Vascular Dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012 Nov;18(6):1031-40.
  • Sarah T. Pendlebury et al. Telephone Assessment of Cognition After Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke: Modified Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status and Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment Versus Face-to-Face Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Neuropsychological Battery. Stroke, published online November 8, 2012. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.673384.
  • Fu GX, Miao Y, Yan H, Zhong Y. Common carotid flow velocity is associated with cognition in older adults. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012 Jul;39(4):502-7.
  • Jan Cameron et al. Screening for mild cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure: Montreal Cognitive Assessment versus Mini Mental State Exam. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs published online 18 April 2012.
  • Mirena Valkova, Boyko Stamenov, Dora Peychinska. Screening for poststroke cognitive impairment via Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale. Journal of IMAB-Annual Proceeding 2012, vol. 18, book 3.
  • Guo-Xiang et al. Common Carotid Flow Velocity is Associated with Cognition in Older Adults.
  • Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39:502-507.
  • Baracchini C. et al. Carotid endarterectomy protects elderly patients from cognitive decline: A prospective study. Surgery, September, 1-8, 2011. Elsevier Inc.
  • MacKenzie G. et al. Detecting cognitive impairment in clients with mild stroke or transient ischemic attack attending a stroke prevention clinic. Can J Neurosci Nurs. 2011;33(1):47-50.
  • Cumming T.B., Bernhardt J. and Linden T. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: short cognitive evaluation in a large stroke trial. Stroke, 42(9), 2642-4, 2011.
  • Toglia J, Fitzgerald K et al. The Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment in persons with mild subacute stroke: relationship to functional outcome. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 92(5), 792-8, 2011. Elsevier Inc.
  • Martinic-Popovic et al. Cognitive performance in asymptomatic patients with advanced carotid disease. Cognitive and behavioral neurology, 24(3) , 145-51, 2011.
  • Athilingam P. et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental Satus Examination compared as cognitive screening tools in heart failure. Heart & lung, 40(6), 521-9, 2011. Elsevier Inc.
  • Olivier Godefroy et al. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination to detect Poststroke Cognitive Impairment?: A Study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke 2011;42:00-00. Published online Apr 7, 2011.
  • Martinic Popovic, A. Lovrencic-Huzjan, A. M. Simundic, V. Demarin. Mild cognitive impairment in patients with carotid disease. Presented at the ADI Toronto, March 29, 2011.
  • You J-song, Chen R-Zhao et al. The Chinese (Cantonese) Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Patients with Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 1(1), 276-282, 2011.
  • Weiner Myron Frederick, Hynan L.S., Rossetti H. et al. The relationship of Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores to framingham coronary and stroke risk scores. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 01(02), 49-55, 2011.
  • Harkness K et al. Screening for Cognitive Deficits Using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Tool in Outpatients ≥65 Years of Age With Heart Failure. Am J. Cardiol. 2011, Feb 9. Abstract.
  • S. N. McLennan et al. Validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a Screening Test for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in a Cardiovascular Population. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 2011 Mar;24(1):33-8.
  • Ira H. Bernstein et al. Psychometric Evaluation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Three Diverse Samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 2010, 1-8, iFirst.
  • Cameron J. et al. Does cognitive impairment predict poor self-care in patients with heart failure? European Journal of Health failure 2010, 12, 508-515.
  • Pendlebury S.T. et al. Underestimation of Cognitive Impairment by Mini-Mental State Examination Versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke. A Population-Based Study. Stroke Journal of the American Heart Association, 41(6):1290-1293, June 2010.
  • Dong Y et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of vascular cognitive impairment after acute stroke. J Neurol Sci;2010 Dec 15;299(1-2):15-8.
  • Pendlebury S et al. Impairment on Montreal Cognitive Assessment in transient ischaemic attack and stroke patients with normal Mini-Mental State Examination score is clinically relevant. Journal Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2010 81:e68 Abstract.
  • McLennan SN et al. Cognitive Impairment Predicts Functional Capacity in Dementia-Free Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2010 September/October;25(5):390-397 Abstract.
  • Martinic-Popovic et al. Assessment of subtle cognitive impairment in stroke-free patients with carotid disease. Acta clinica Croatica, 48, 231-240, 2009.
  • Wong A. et al. The Validity, Reliability and Clinical Utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in Patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, Dement Geriatr Cognitive Disorders, August 2009;28:81-87.
  • Rolf Sebaldt et al. Detection of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Using the Animal Fluency Test: The Decide Study, The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, Volume 36, Issue 5, Sept. 2009, page 599.
  • Wong A et al. The Validity, Reliability and Utility of the Cantonese Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Chinese Patients with Confluent White Matter Lesions. Hong Kong Med J, Volume 14, Number 6, Supplement 6, December 2008.
  • Boulanger JM et al. A prospective cognitive evaluation in post stroke/TIA patients using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MoCA). Presented at Nice, France. European Stroke Conference, May 2008.
  • Ponrathi Athilingam. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): An appropriate tool to assess subtle cognitive changes in people with heart failure? Section: "Innovations in Nursing Practice with Older Adults". Presented at the ENRS 20th scientific conference. Philadelphia, March 27th, 2008.
  • Martinic Popovic I. et al. Mild cognitive impairment in symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebrovascular disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Volume 257, Issues 1-2, 15 June 2007, pages 185-193.
  • J Malcolm O Arnold et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference recommendations on heart failure update 2007: Prevention, management during intercurrent illness or actue decompensation, and use of biomarkers. Can J Cardiol, Volume 23, Number 1, January 2007.
  • Martinic-Popovic I. et al. Early detection of mild cognitive impairment in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Acta Clin Croat 2006; 45:77-85.
  • Hachinski et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke. 2006, Sept.:37(9):2220-41.

Teaching

  • Guy Lacombe, Pierre-Michel Roy, Ziad Nasreddine, Tamas Fülop. Teaching medical students to evaluate cognition using MoCA. Abstract presented at AAIC Conference, Paris, July 2011.

Visual Impairment

  • Walter Wittich, Natalie Phillips, Ziad Nasreddine, Howard Chertkow. Sensitivity and specificity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment modified for individuals who are visually impaired. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, June 2010, 104(6), 360-368.

Other

  • Phabphal K., Kanjanasatien J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment in cryptogenic epilepsy patients with normal Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Epileptic disorders, 13(4), 375-81., 2011.
  • Adhikari T. et al. Cognitive dysfunction in SLE: development of a screening tool. Lupus, 20, 1142-6, 2011.
  • Irak-Dersu I et al. Effect of dilating drops on cognitive function. Presented at 35th annual North American Neuro-ophthalmology meeting, February 24, 2009, Lake Tahoe, Nevada.
  • Irak-Dersu I et al. The Effect of Mydriatic Eye Drops on Cognitive Function in Claucoma Patients. Presented at 19th annual American Glaucoma Society meeting, March 6, 2009, San Diego, CA.

Normative Data

  • Kenny et al. Normative values of cognitive and physical function in older adults: findings from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 May;61 Suppl 2:S279-90.
  • Ziad S. Nasreddine, Heidi Rossetti, Natalie Phillips, et al. Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment

(MoCA) in a population-based sample. Neurology 2012;78;765

  • Rossetti H.C., et al. Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a population-based sample. Neurology, 77(13), 1272-5, 2011.

Low education

  • Johns, EK et al. The effect of education on performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Normative data from the community. The Canadian Journal of Geriatrics, 11, 32-73. (Poster presented at the 28th annual meeting of the Canadian Geriatrics Society, Montreal, Quebec, April 2008.
  • Johns, EK et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Normative data in the community. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14 (Suppl.1), i-292. (Poster presented at the 36th annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Waikoloa, Hawaii, February 2008).

Young adults

  • Ratchford TL et al. Normative Data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Young Adults. P05.128. Presented at the American Academy of Neurology Meeting. April 2008. Neurology 70, March 11, 2008 (Suppl 1) A283.

Reviews

  • Lilly, Pfizer/JNJ/Elan's mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's failures may spur use of more sensitive cognitive screening tools for early disease - experts. BioPharm Insight, published 2012-12-28.
  • Ziad S. Nasreddine, Gao Jing. The MoCA-Development and use in China for detection of cognition impairment.
  • Chin J. Neurol, Feb. 2012, Vol. 45, No. 2.
  • Ronald C. Petersen. Mild Cognitive Impairment. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2227-34.
  • Zahinoor Ismail et al. Brief cognitive screening instruments: an update. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;25: 111-120.
  • Bredje A. Appels, MSc and Erick Scherder, Phd. the Diagnostic Accuracy of Dementia-Screening Instruments With an Administration Time of 10 to 45 Minutes for *Use in Secondary Care: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias 2010, 25(4) 301-316.
  • Manuel Montero-Odasso, Susan W. Muir. Simplifying detection of mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, May 2010-Vol.58, no. 5.
  • Guo Qi-Hao et al. Application study of quick cognitive screening test in identifying mild cognitive impairment. Neuroscience Bulletin, February 2010, 26(1):47:54.
  • Lonie Jane A. et al. Screening for mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009; 24: 902-915.
  • Shiroky et al. Can you have dementia with an MMSE score of 30. Am J of Alzheimers Dis & Other Demen, Oct.-Nov. 2007;22:5; 406-415.
  • Chertkow H, Nasreddine Z, et al. Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment, no dementia: Part A, concept and diagnosis Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association October 2007 (Vol. 3, Issue 4, pages 266-282).
  • Howe E. Initial screening of patients for Alzheimer's disease and minimal cognitive impairment. Psychiatry, Volume 4 (7), July 2007, 24-27.
  • Gauthier et al. Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet. 2006 April 15;367(9518):1262-70, Review.
  • Hachinski et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006, Sept.;37(9):2220-41.
  • Allan L et al. Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Opportunity to Identify Patients at High Risk for Progression to Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Ther 2006;28:991-1001.
  • Olson R., Parkinson M., McKenzie M. Selection Bias Introduced by Neuropsychological Assessments. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2010;37:264-268.

Language Validation Studies

Alternate forms

  • Ana S. Costa, Bruno Fimm, Paul Friesen, Herve Soundjock, Claudia Rottschy, Therese Gross, Frank Eitner, Arno Reich, Jorg B.Schulz, Ziad S. Nasreddine, Kathrin Reetz. Alternate-Form Reliability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Screening Test in a Clinical Setting. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012;33:379-384.
  • Howard Chertkow, Ziad Nasreddine, Natalie A. Phillips et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Validation of Alternate Forms and New Recommendations for Education Corrections. Abstract presented at AAIC Conference Paris, July 2011.

Arabic

  • Rahman et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment Arabic version: Reliability and validity prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among elderly attending geriatric clubs in Cairo. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, Vol. 9, number 1, March 2009, pp. 54-61 (8).

Chinese

  • Dong et al. Comparison of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Mini-Mental State Examination in detecting multi-domain mild cognitive impairment in a Chinese sub-sample drawn from a population-based study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Jul 22:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Niu et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors of mild cognitive impairment among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2013 Sep-Oct;27(5):443-6. Epub 2013 Jul 9.
  • Wang et al. The relationship between cognitive impairment and cerebral blood flow changes after transient ischaemic attack. Neurol Res. 2013 Jul;35(6):580-5. Zavoreo et al. Cognitive decline and cerebral vasoreactivity in asymptomatic patients with severe internal carotid artery stenosis. Acta Neurol Belg. 2013 Apr 6
  • Cheng et al. Effects of carotid artery stenting on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and carotid stenosis. Exp Ther Med. 2013 Apr;5(4):1019-1024.
  • Wong et al. Comparison of montreal cognitive assessment and mini-mental state examination in evaluating cognitive domain deficit following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. PLoS One. 2013;8(4). Epub 2013 Apr 3.
  • Zhang et al. Relationship between cerebral microbleeds and cognitive function in lacunar infarct. J Int Med Res. 2013 Apr;41(2):347-55.
  • Wong et al. Validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for traumatic brain injury patients with intracranial haemorrhage. Brain Inj. 2013;27(4):394-8. . Epub 2013 Mar 8.
  • Tu et al. Reliability, validity, and optimal cutoff score of the montreal cognitive assessment (changsha version) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients of hunan province, China. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013 Feb 16;3(1):25-36.
  • Tan et al. [Clinical research of early intervention of modified shuyu pill in vascular cognitive impairment no dementia]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2013 Jan;33(1):27-30. Article in Chinese.
  • Zhao et al. Executive dysfunction in patients with cerebral hypoperfusion after cerebral angiostenosis/occlusion. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2013;53(3):141-7.
  • Hu JB et al. Cross-cultural difference and validation of the Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment in older adults residing in Eastern China: *Preliminary findings. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013 Jan-Feb;56(1):38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.05.008 Epub 2012 Jun 13. Chia-Fen Tsai, Wei-Ju Lee, Shuu-Jiun Wang, Ben-Chang Shia, Ziad Nasreddine and Jong-Ling Fuh. Psychometrics of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and its subscales: validation of the Taiwanese version of the MoCA and an item response theory analysis. International Psychogeriatrics (2012), 24:4, 651-658.
  • Adrian Wong et al. The Validity, Reliability and Clinical Utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, Aug. 2009;28-81-87.
  • Wong A et al. The Validity, Reliability and Utility of the Cantonese Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Chinese Patients with Confluent White Matter
  • Lesions. Hong Kong Med J, Volume 14, Number 6, Supplement 6, December 2008.
  • Wen HB et al. The application of Montreal cognitive assessment in urban Chinese residents of Beijing. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2008. Jan;47(1):36-9. Chinese.

Croatian

  • Martinic-Popovic I. et al. Early detection of mild cognitive impairment in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Acta Clin Croat 2006;45-77-85.

Czech

  • J.Reban. Montrealsky kognitivni test/MoCA/: prinos k diagnostice predemenci, Ceska Geriatricka Revue 2006 (4): 224-229.

Dutch

  • Thissen AJ et al. Applicability and validity of the Dutch version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-d) in diagnosing MCI. Gerontol Geriatr. 2010 Dec;41(6):231-40.
  • Janneke Thissen et al. Validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Dutch Version (MoCA-D), presented at the international Psychogeriatric Association Conference, Sept. 2009, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

English

  • Costa A, Fimm B, Friesen P, Soundjock H, Rottschy C, Gross T, Eitner F, Reich A, Schulz JB, Nasreddine ZS, Reetz K. Alternate-form Reliability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) screening test in a clinical setting. Demen Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012;33(6):379-84.
  • Luis CA et al. Cross validation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in community dwelling older adults residing in the Southeastern US. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Online issue, October 21st, 2008, published 2009;24: 197-201.
  • Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr. Soc. 53:695-699, 2005.

French

  • Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr. Soc. 53:695-699, 2005.

Hebrew

  • Michal Lifshitz et al. Validation of the Hebrew Version of the MoCA Test as a Screening Instrument for the Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Individuals. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 2012 25(3) 155-161.

Italian

  • Pasi et al. Factors predicting the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) applicability and performances in a stroke unit. J Neurol. 2013 Jun;260(6):1518-26.

Japanese

  • Fujiwara et al. Physical and Sociopsychological Characteristics of Older Community Residents With Mild Cognitive Impairment as Assessed by the Japanese Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2013 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Kenji Narazakia, Yu Nofujib et al. Normative Data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in a Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Population. Neuroepidemiology 2013;40:23-29.
  • Ihara et al. Association of Physical Activity with the Visuospatial/Executive Functions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Patients with Vascular Cognitive Impairment. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012 Nov 12. pii: S1052-3057(12)00339-4.
  • Fujiwara Y. et al. Brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment in older Japanese: Validation of the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2010;10:225-232.

Korean

  • Hwang et al. Effects of falls experience on cognitive functions and physical activities in community-dwelling individuals with chronic stroke. Int J Rehabil

Res. 2013 Jun;36(2):134-9.

  • Jun-Young Lee et al. Brief Screening for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Outpatient Clinic: Validation of the Korean Version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment 2008; J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 2008, 21;2:104-110.

Korean-K2

  • Kang YW et al. Reliability Validity, and Normative Study of the Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA) as an Instrument for screening of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI). The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2009;28:549-562.

Persian

  • Sikaroodi et al. Cognitive impairments in patients with cerebrovascular risk factors: A comparison of Mini Mental Status Exam and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Aug;115(8):1276-80.

Polish

  • Magierska J et al. Clinical application of the Polish adaptation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test in screening for cognitive impairment. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska 2012, 46(2):130-139.
  • Joanna Magierska, Radoslaw Magierski, Tomasz Sobow, Iwona Kloszewska. The Polish adaptation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and preliminary results of its clinical utility in the screening for cognitive impairment. Presented at ICAD Conference Poster 2008, Chicago.

Portuguese

  • Freitas S. et al. (2012). Construct validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Journal of International Neuropsychology Society, 18,242-250. doi:10.1017/S1355617711001573.
  • Freitas S. et al. (2012). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Validation study for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e3182420bfe.
  • Freitas S. Simoes M.R, Alves L. & Santana (2012). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Influence of sociodemographic and health variables. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 165-175. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr116.
  • Freitas S. et al. (2011). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Normative study for the Portuguese population. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(9), 989-996. doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.589374
  • Duro D et al. Validation studies of the Portuguese experimental version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): confirmatory factor analysis. J Neurol. 2010 May;257(5):728-34.
  • Freitas S, Santana I, Simoes, M.R. (2010). The sensitivity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to cognitive decline: A longitudinal study. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 6(4), S353-S354 Abstract.
  • Freitas S, et al. (2010). Estudos de adaptacao do Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) para a populacao portuguesa. Avaliacao Psicologica, 9(3), 345-357.

Portuguese (Brazil)

  • Bertolucci PH et al. Brazilian Portuguese version for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the preliminary results. Presented at Alzheimer's Association International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's and Dementia, Volume 4, Issue 4, Supplement 1, July 2008, Page T686.
  • Bertolucci PH et al. Brazilian Portuguese version for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the preliminary results. Presented at Alzheimer's Association International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's and Dementia, Vol. 4, Issue 4 Supplement 1, July 2008, page T686.
  • Claudia M. Memoria et al. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment: validation of the Brazilian version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2013 Jan;28(1) 34-40.

Russian

  • Boiko et al. [Possibilities of medical correction of moderate cognitive impairment]. [Article in Russian] Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2013;113(2):28-32.

Sinhalese

  • Karunaratne S. et al. Validation of the Sinhala version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in screening for dementia. Ceylon Medical Journal, 56(4), 147-153, 2011.

Spanish

  • Gomez F et al. Applicability of the MoCA-S test in populations with little education in Colombia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012, Sep 20. doi: 10.1002/gps.3885.

Thai

  • Tangwongchai S et al. The Validity of Thai version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-T), Presented at the International Psychogeriatric Association Conference, Sept. 2009, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Turkish

  • Selekler K. & Cangoz B. (October 2009). Predictive Validity Study of MoCA on Turkish Patients with MCI and Alzheimer Dementia. (Poster). 19th World Congress of Neurology (WCN 2009), Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Kaynak Selekler et al. Power of discrimination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Scale in Turkish Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2010;13(3) 166-171.[6]

References

  1. ↑ "http://www.mocatest.org/normative_data.asp". External link in |title= (help)
  2. ↑ "http://www.mocatest.org/moca_news.asp". External link in |title= (help)
  3. ↑ http://onrevisionzero.wordpress.com/2013/12/10/11/
  4. ↑ http://www.mocatest.org/moca_news.asp
  5. ↑ "http://www.mocatest.org/moca_news.asp". External link in |title= (help)
  6. ↑ "http://www.mocatest.org/references.asp". External link in |title= (help)

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