Multiple sclerosis physical examination
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.
Overview
Physical examination of patients with multiple sclerosis is usually remarkable for lhermitte's sign, spasticity, increased reflexes, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, optic neuritis, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence.
Physical Examination
Physical examination of patients with multiple sclerosis is usually remarkable for:
Appearance of the Patient
- Gait and balance disturbance: Involvement of cerebellar tracts can cause Gait and balance problems in multiple sclerotic patients.[1]
Vital Signs
- We may see positional change in blood pressure and heart rate due to autonomic dysfunction.[2]
Skin
- Skin examination of patients with multiple sclerosis is usually normal.
HEENT
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is defined as a gaze problem. Lesions in medial longitudinal fasciculus in brain stem are known to be the cause of INO. The signs of INO are difficulty with adducting in lateral gaze.[3][4][5]
- Optic Neuritis: Optic neuritis can be the first sign of multiple sclerosis, especially when it’s accompanied by white matter MRI lesions.[6][7]
- Nystagmus
- Diplopia
- Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
- Facial pain
- Hearing loss
Neck
- Neck examination of patients with multiple sclerosis is usually normal.
Lungs
- Pulmonary examination of patients with multiple sclerosis is usually normal.
Heart
- Cardiovascular examination of patients with multiple sclerosis is usually normal.
Abdomen
- Abdominal examination of patients with multiple sclerosis is usually normal.
Back
- Back examination of patients with multiple sclerosis is usually normal.
Genitourinary
Neuromuscular
- Lhermitte's sign: About 25-40% of MS patients experience lhermitte’s sign as an electrical shock sensation going downward from neck when the patients neck bends forward. Lhermitte's sign can correlate with MRI abnormalities of caudal medulla or cervical dorsal columns.[8][9][10][11][12]
- Spasticity (damage to the upper motor neurons and decrease inhibition of lower motor neurons in MS can increase muscle tone and rigidity in 75% of MS patients).
- Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time
- Hyperreflexia
- Positive (abnormal) Babinski
- Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
- Unilateral or bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
- Abnormal gait
- Positive Trendelenburg sign
- Tremor
- Dysmetria
Extremities
References
- ↑ Rinker JR, Salter AR, Walker H, Amara A, Meador W, Cutter GR (January 2015). "Prevalence and characteristics of tremor in the NARCOMS multiple sclerosis registry: a cross-sectional survey". BMJ Open. 5 (1): e006714. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006714. PMC 4289717. PMID 25573524.
- ↑ Kim JS (May 2004). "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia as an isolated or predominant symptom of brainstem infarction". Neurology. 62 (9): 1491–6. PMID 15136670.
- ↑ Mills DA, Frohman TC, Davis SL, Salter AR, McClure S, Beatty I, Shah A, Galetta S, Eggenberger E, Zee DS, Frohman EM (August 2008). "Break in binocular fusion during head turning in MS patients with INO". Neurology. 71 (6): 458–60. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000324423.08538.dd. PMID 18678831.
- ↑ Frohman EM, Zhang H, Kramer PD, Fleckenstein J, Hawker K, Racke MK, Frohman TC (September 2001). "MRI characteristics of the MLF in MS patients with chronic internuclear ophthalmoparesis". Neurology. 57 (5): 762–8. PMID 11552000.
- ↑ Beck RW, Trobe JD (1995). "What we have learned from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial". Ophthalmology. 102 (10): 1504–8. PMID 9097798.
- ↑ "The 5-year risk of MS after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. 1997". Neurology. 57 (12 Suppl 5): S36–45. 2001. PMID 11902594.
- ↑ Gutrecht JA, Zamani AA, Slagado ED (1993). "Anatomic-radiologic basis of Lhermitte's sign in multiple sclerosis". Arch. Neurol. 50 (8): 849–51. PMID 8352672.
- ↑ Al-Araji AH, Oger J (2005). "Reappraisal of Lhermitte's sign in multiple sclerosis". Mult. Scler. 11 (4): 398–402. PMID 16042221.
- ↑ Sandyk R, Dann LC (1995). "Resolution of Lhermitte's sign in multiple sclerosis by treatment with weak electromagnetic fields". Int. J. Neurosci. 81 (3–4): 215–24. PMID 7628912.
- ↑ Kanchandani R, Howe JG (1982). "Lhermitte's sign in multiple sclerosis: a clinical survey and review of the literature". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 45 (4): 308–12. PMID 7077340.
- ↑ Boissy AR, Cohen JA (September 2007). "Multiple sclerosis symptom management". Expert Rev Neurother. 7 (9): 1213–22. doi:10.1586/14737175.7.9.1213. PMID 17868019.