Non-Polio enterovirus infections historical perspective
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Overview
The first documented outbreak of Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to ED-70 occurred in Ghana in 1969.EV D68, considered to be a pathogen exclusive to the respiratory tract for a long time, was first isolated in 1962 from four children in California suffering from pneumonia and bronchiolitis.CV-A24v was first isolated in 1970 in Singapore.
Historical Perspective
- The first documented outbreak of Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to ED-70 occurred in Ghana in 1969[1]. From 1970 and 1971, till the mid-1990s, the virus spread globally to produce the first AHC pandemic[2].
- Over the past decade, EV 71 has been implicated in many outbreaks of acute flaccid paralysis AFP in the Asia-Pacific region[3].
- In a systematic review evaluating surveillance data, case reports and case series of AFP, EV 71, echovirus 11 and echovirus 6 were reported more through surveillance while EV 71 and EV 68 were the predominant serotypes in case reports and case series[4].
- EV D68, considered to be a pathogen exclusive to the respiratory tract for a long time, was first isolated in 1962 from four children in California suffering from pneumonia and bronchiolitis[5]. Only sporadic cases were reported till the late 2000s with 26 between 1970 and 2005[6]. It caused the largest outbreak in 2014 in the USA, the first cases reported in August from Missouri and Illinois. Almost all the cases were children with a predominant history of asthma or wheezing[7].
- CV-A24v was first isolated in 1970 in Singapore[8] and remained restricted to South-East Asia and India until 1985, when it started causing widespread outbreaks.
References
- ↑ Chatterjee S, Quarcoopome CO, Apenteng A (1970). "Unusual type of epidemic conjunctivitis in Ghana". Br J Ophthalmol. 54 (9): 628–30. doi:10.1136/bjo.54.9.628. PMC 1207974. PMID 5458256.
- ↑ Mirkovic RR, Kono R, Yin-Murphy M, Sohier R, Schmidt NJ, Melnick JL (1973). "Enterovirus type 70: the etiologic agent of pandemic acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis". Bull World Health Organ. 49 (4): 341–6. PMC 2480954. PMID 4368683.
- ↑ Ooi MH, Wong SC, Lewthwaite P, Cardosa MJ, Solomon T (2010). "Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71". Lancet Neurol. 9 (11): 1097–105. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X. PMID 20965438.
- ↑ Suresh S, Forgie S, Robinson J (2018). "Non-polio Enterovirus detection with acute flaccid paralysis: A systematic review". J Med Virol. 90 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1002/jmv.24933. PMID 28857219.
- ↑ Schieble JH, Fox VL, Lennette EH (1967). "A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases". Am J Epidemiol. 85 (2): 297–310. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120693. PMID 4960233.
- ↑ Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). "Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005". MMWR Surveill Summ. 55 (8): 1–20. PMID 16971890.
- ↑ Midgley CM, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R, Turabelidze G, Obringer E, Johnson D; et al. (2014). "Severe respiratory illness associated with enterovirus D68 - Missouri and Illinois, 2014". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 63 (36): 798–9. PMC 4584696. PMID 25211545.
- ↑ Mirkovic RR, Schmidt NJ, Yin-Murphy M, Melnick JL (1974). "Enterovirus etiology of the 1970 Singapore epidemic of acute conjunctivitis". Intervirology. 4 (2): 119–27. doi:10.1159/000149850. PMID 4217326.