Non-suicidalSelf Injury means the intentional or conscious effort by someone to destruct his or her own body tissues with out having any intent for suicidality. The most common examples associated with NSSI includes cutting, scratching, burning, banging, self hitting. Mostly the people who self injure themselves are having the history of using two or more methods out of what described before. Because NSSI is frequently connected with emotional and psychiatric discomfort, as well as an increased risk of suicide, correct establishment of conceptual and clinical models of this behavior are critical.
The Non suicidalSelf Injury is most commonly seen in young adults and adolescents age groups of around 13-14 years with a lifetime rates of 15-20%. But when the stats studied adultpopulation the rate is 6%. Psychiatric groups, particularly those who report features linked with emotionaldistress, such as negative emotionality, depression, anxiety, and emotion dysregulation, have the highest incidence of NSSI in both adolescents and adultage group. In addition People who are prone to self-directed negative emotions and self-criticism are more likely to develop NSSI. Although it is typical for people to believe that NSSI is more common in women, general population surveys show that men and women have similar rates. However the sex difference makes the contribution when its comes to the point of methods used for NSSI. The women's are more found to be using cutting whereas the men's more often use the method of hitting and burning.
Historical Perspective
In early 1844 Bethlem Royal Hospital asylum made clear distinction between "self injury or disposition to suicide"[1][2][3]
In 20th century, Karl Menninger was the first to decribe self harm as a clinical entity.
In 1871, G. Fielding Blandford, MD, differentiated between, "will harm or mutilate portion of their bodies" and those who "attempt in every manner to put an end to themselves". He defined self mutilations as nail biting, face or hand picking, and hair plucking are common in nervous people.
In 1896, George Gould and Walter Pyle, divided self mutilation cases into those committed:
In 1878, Walter Channing, published a case report of Helen Miller, who was possessed with urges to cut. She resided in an asylum and cut repetitively for 3 years.[4]
Classification
Non Suicidal Self Injury
The Non SuicidalSelf Injury also known as Self-harm, Self Injury, Self-inflicted violence, Self Injurious Behavior. [5] These are the common term used interchangeably by various authors and practioners to name the disease. The behavior entails intentionaltissueinjury that is usually carried out without a suicidal motive. Cutting the skin with a sharp item, such as a knife or razor blade, is the most prevalent type of self-harm. The word "self-mutilation" is also occasionally used, albeit it has connotations that some people find alarming, inaccurate, or unpleasant.
NSSI has been proposed as a disorder in the DSM-5's "Conditions for Further Study" category. It should be noted that this proposed diagnostic criteria for a futurediagnosis is not an officially approveddiagnosis and should not be utilized in clinical practice; rather, it is intended solely for research purposes. The NSSI is classified as deliberate self-inflicted harm without the intent to commit suicide. The criteria for diagnosing and identifying NSSI includes 5 or more days of self inflicted harm over the duration of one year without having any intention to commit the suicide and along with that the person must have been having a motivation to relief from the negative state or to achieve a positive state.
Self-harm is commonly misunderstood as an attention-seeking behavior; however, this is not always the case. Many self-harmers are self-conscious about their scars and wounds, and they feel bad about their actions, therefore they go to great measures to hide their actions from others. They try to give the alternate reasoning for their scars or try to hide them with clothing. Self-harmers aren't usually trying to take their own lives; instead, it's thought that they're using it as a coping method to ease emotional anguish or discomfort, or as a way to communicate their distress.
Self-injuring adolescents exhibit higher physiologicalresponse to stress (e.g., skin conductance) than non self-injuring adolescents. Over time this stress response stays same and sometimes it even increases.
Many persons who self-harm claim that it permits them to "get away" or "dissociate," removing their minds from painfulsensations. This can be accomplished by convincing the mind that the current suffering is due to the self-harm rather than the difficulties they were dealing with previously: the physicalpain serves as a diversion from the initial mental agony.To add to this notion, one can think how important it is to "stop" feelingemotional anguish and mental irritation. "A person may be hypersensitive and overloaded, with a plethora of thoughts whirling about in their heads, and they may get triggered or may decide to stop the overpowering sensations."
Alternatively, self-harm, on the other hand, might be a way of feeling something, even if it's unpleasant and painful. Anhedonia is a sense of emptiness or numbness experienced by those who self-harm, and physicalpain may provide relief from these feelings. "A person might be aloof from oneself, aloof from life, numb and unfeeling."They develop a desire to feel something, and try to create a sesation and "wake up".
Obsessions which are repetitive and persistent urges, thoughts or images followed by compulsions which are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform.
Unable to stop impulses which leads to physical and verbal aggression. These are out of proportion to the provocation, unplanned and cause subjective and psychosocial distress.
Use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or legal and illegal drugs causes disability, health problems,or failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school or home. Leads to problems with social interactions, impaired control, and risky behaviors.
The existence of two or more distinctpersonality states, as well as repeated gaps in recollection of personal information or experiences, characterizes identity disruption.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The prevalence of NSSI varies between 7.5 and 46.5 percent in teenagers, rising to 38.9 percent among students and 4–23% among adults. Despite the fact that self-injurious behaviour is a common occurrence, results from different studies differ significantly.[8][20][8][21][22][23][24]
The beginning of NSSI is most common in early adolescence, between the ages of 12 and 14, however NSSI behavior has also been seen in children under the age of 12.
Self-cutting is the most prevalent method, followed by burning, head banging, hitting, and sctratching. Most people who engage in NSSI, use a combination of methods to affect their wrists, arms, stomach and legs.
The findings of several research studies showed that women exhibited more NSSI behaviors than men.
Self-cutting is the most prevalent way among women, who are more prone than males to participate in NSSI methods that typically entail blood, whereas burning, hitting and banging are the most common means among men. Among college students, adolescents and adults equal incidence of NSSI has been reported.
Multiracial college students have the highest incidence rates in the ethnically varied sample, followed by Caucasian (16.8), and Hispanic (17%). Prevalence rates in Chinese students for NSSI is in the range of 24.9-29.2%. In the Turkish adolescent group it is 21.4%.
Risk Factors
The common risk factors involved in Non Suicidal Self Injury are as follows:[25][17]
Most of the people who show self-harming behaviour meet the DSM-5 criteria for Non Suicidal Self Injury.
DSM-5 Criteria for diagnosis of Non Suicidal Self Injury
History and Symptoms
Eighty percent of self-injury includes stabbing or cutting the skin with a sharp tool, sometimes completely piercing the skin. Self-harm is frequently committed in regions of the body that are readily hidden and undetectable to others. Most often it is a symptom of an underlying disorder and these people look for help to get out of this.
Common signs and symptoms that a person may be engaging in self-harm include the following:[29][30]
It's a combination of individual and group therapy, as well as a therapistconsultation team. DBT causes larger decreases in NSSI and SSI, which last for 6 to 12 months following therapy. DBT lowers the frequency, rate, and desire to participate in NSSI.
Emotion Regulation Group Therapy (ERGT)
ERGT is a 14-week group therapy program that focuses on developing emotion control and acceptance skills, as well as identifying and pursuing significant objectives and values. In comparison to treatment as usual (TAU) , there were considerably larger decreases in NSSI frequency. Studies involving a follow up period indicated that therapy effects are long-lasting.
MACT is a systematic, problem-solving treatment that includes individual counseling and bibliotherapy and is generally completed in six sessions. MACT has a substantial benefit over TAU (treatment as usaul) in lowering the frequency of NSSI in femaleadults with BPD.
VMT is an and expressive arts therapy that integrates sound-making, expressive writing, singing, movement, massage, and drama activities to minimize emotion dysregulation and enhance self-awareness. When compared to the 10-week pretreatment period, young females engaged in less frequent NSSI while receiving 10 weeks of VMT.
Pharmacotherapy for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: There are 5 classes of drugs which are effective for NSSI treatment:
Comprehensive Therapeutic Programs for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
The effectiveness of comprehensive treatment programs for people with BPD or mixed personality disorders can be seen as a significant decreases in NSSI rates after intervention. These customized programs comprised pharmacotherapy, psychoeducation, group and individual therapy incorporated with DBT skills training as part of treatment.
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↑Bohus M, Limberger M, Ebner U, Glocker FX, Schwarz B, Wernz M, Lieb K (September 2000). "Pain perception during self-reported distress and calmness in patients with borderline personality disorder and self-mutilating behavior". Psychiatry Res. 95 (3): 251–60. doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00179-7. PMID10974364.
↑ 8.08.18.2Briere J, Gil E (October 1998). "Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: prevalence, correlates, and functions". Am J Orthopsychiatry. 68 (4): 609–20. doi:10.1037/h0080369. PMID9809120.
↑Deliberto TL, Nock MK (2008). "An exploratory study of correlates, onset, and offset of non-suicidal self-injury". Arch Suicide Res. 12 (3): 219–31. doi:10.1080/13811110802101096. PMID18576203.
↑Eisenberger NI, Jarcho JM, Lieberman MD, Naliboff BD (December 2006). "An experimental study of shared sensitivity to physical pain and social rejection". Pain. 126 (1–3): 132–8. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.024. PMID16890354.
↑Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD (July 2004). "Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain". Trends Cogn Sci. 8 (7): 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.010. PMID15242688.
↑Joyce PR, Light KJ, Rowe SL, Cloninger CR, Kennedy MA (March 2010). "Self-mutilation and suicide attempts: relationships to bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, temperament and character". Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 44 (3): 250–7. doi:10.3109/00048670903487159. PMID20180727.
↑Rossow I, Hawton K, Ystgaard M (2009). "Cannabis use and deliberate self-harm in adolescence: a comparative analysis of associations in England and Norway". Arch Suicide Res. 13 (4): 340–8. doi:10.1080/13811110903266475. PMID19813111.
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↑Muehlenkamp JJ, Gutierrez PM (2007). "Risk for suicide attempts among adolescents who engage in non-suicidal self-injury". Arch Suicide Res. 11 (1): 69–82. doi:10.1080/13811110600992902. PMID17178643.
↑Sornberger MJ, Heath NL, Toste JR, McLouth R (June 2012). "Nonsuicidal self-injury and gender: patterns of prevalence, methods, and locations among adolescents". Suicide Life Threat Behav. 42 (3): 266–78. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.0088.x. PMID22435988.
↑Kuentzel JG, Arble E, Boutros N, Chugani D, Barnett D (July 2012). "Nonsuicidal self-injury in an ethnically diverse college sample". Am J Orthopsychiatry. 82 (3): 291–7. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01167.x. PMID22880967.
↑Calvete E, Orue I, Aizpuru L, Brotherton H (2015). "Prevalence and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in Spanish adolescents". Psicothema. 27 (3): 223–8. doi:10.7334/psicothema2014.262. PMID26260928.
↑Leong CH, Wu AM, Poon MM (2014). "Measurement of perceived functions of non-suicidal self-injury for Chinese adolescents". Arch Suicide Res. 18 (2): 193–212. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824828. PMID24568552.
↑Greydanus DE, Shek D (September 2009). "Deliberate self-harm and suicide in adolescents". Keio J Med. 58 (3): 144–51. doi:10.2302/kjm.58.144. PMID19826208.
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↑Hawton K, Witt KG, Taylor Salisbury TL, Arensman E, Gunnell D, Hazell P, Townsend E, van Heeringen K (July 2015). "Pharmacological interventions for self-harm in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7): CD011777. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011777. PMID26147958.
↑Taylor LM, Oldershaw A, Richards C, Davidson K, Schmidt U, Simic M (October 2011). "Development and pilot evaluation of a manualized cognitive-behavioural treatment package for adolescent self-harm". Behav Cogn Psychother. 39 (5): 619–25. doi:10.1017/S1352465811000075. PMID21392417.
↑Hawton K, Witt KG, Taylor Salisbury TL, Arensman E, Gunnell D, Hazell P, Townsend E, van Heeringen K (May 2016). "Psychosocial interventions for self-harm in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5): CD012189. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012189. PMID27168519.