Polyglutamine-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PQBP1gene.[1][2][3]
Polyglutamine binding protein-1 is a highly conserved nuclear protein expressed in mesodermal and nuclear tissues.[4] The molecular roles of PQBP1 in embryonic development are still being understood, but it has been found to function in mRNA splicing, and transcription regulation.[5] Mutations in the PQBP1 gene, which encodes for this protein, have been known to cause X-linked intellectual disabilities (XLID), commonly referred to as Renpenning's syndrome. People who suffer from these disabilities share a common set of symptoms including: microcephaly, shortened stature and impaired intellectual development.[6] There are 11 types of mutations that have been identified, but the most common being frameshift mutations. A knockdown model of the gene in mouse embryo primary neurons revealed a decrease in splicing efficiency and resulted in abnormal gastrulation and neuralation patterning.[4] Attempts at creating both PQBP1 mouse knockout or over expression models have been unsuccessful, often with lethal results. Research indicates that in order to appropriately function, the protein must be expressed within a critical range.[4]
↑Imafuku I, Waragai M, Takeuchi S, Kanazawa I, Kawabata M, Mouradian MM, Okazawa H (December 1998). "Polar amino acid-rich sequences bind to polyglutamine tracts". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 253 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9725. PMID9875212.
↑ 3.03.1Waragai M, Lammers CH, Takeuchi S, Imafuku I, Udagawa Y, Kanazawa I, Kawabata M, Mouradian MM, Okazawa H (June 1999). "PQBP-1, a novel polyglutamine tract-binding protein, inhibits transcription activation by Brn-2 and affects cell survival". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (6): 977–87. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.6.977. PMID10332029.
↑Okazawa H, Rich T, Chang A, Lin X, Waragai M, Kajikawa M, Enokido Y, Komuro A, Kato S, Shibata M, Hatanaka H, Mouradian MM, Sudol M, Kanazawa I (May 2002). "Interaction between mutant ataxin-1 and PQBP-1 affects transcription and cell death". Neuron. 34 (5): 701–13. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00697-9. PMID12062018.
↑ 9.09.1Zhang Y, Lindblom T, Chang A, Sudol M, Sluder AE, Golemis EA (October 2000). "Evidence that dim1 associates with proteins involved in pre-mRNA splicing, and delineation of residues essential for dim1 interactions with hnRNP F and Npw38/PQBP-1". Gene. 257 (1): 33–43. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00372-3. PMID11054566.
↑Komuro A, Saeki M, Kato S (December 1999). "Association of two nuclear proteins, Npw38 and NpwBP, via the interaction between the WW domain and a novel proline-rich motif containing glycine and arginine". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (51): 36513–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.51.36513. PMID10593949.
Further reading
Fox P, Fox D, Gerrard JW (1981). "X-linked mental retardation: Renpenning revisited". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 7 (4): 491–5. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320070409. PMID7211958.
Deqaqi SC, N'Guessan M, Forner J, Sbiti A, Beldjord C, Chelly J, Sefiani A, Des Portes V (1998). "A gene for non-specific X-linked mental retardation (MRX55) is located in Xp11". Annales de Génétique. 41 (1): 11–6. PMID9599645.
Waragai M, Lammers CH, Takeuchi S, Imafuku I, Udagawa Y, Kanazawa I, Kawabata M, Mouradian MM, Okazawa H (June 1999). "PQBP-1, a novel polyglutamine tract-binding protein, inhibits transcription activation by Brn-2 and affects cell survival". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (6): 977–87. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.6.977. PMID10332029.
Komuro A, Saeki M, Kato S (December 1999). "Association of two nuclear proteins, Npw38 and NpwBP, via the interaction between the WW domain and a novel proline-rich motif containing glycine and arginine". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (51): 36513–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.51.36513. PMID10593949.
Waragai M, Junn E, Kajikawa M, Takeuchi S, Kanazawa I, Shibata M, Mouradian MM, Okazawa H (July 2000). "PQBP-1/Npw38, a nuclear protein binding to the polyglutamine tract, interacts with U5-15kD/dim1p via the carboxyl-terminal domain". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 273 (2): 592–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2992. PMID10873650.
Zhang Y, Lindblom T, Chang A, Sudol M, Sluder AE, Golemis EA (October 2000). "Evidence that dim1 associates with proteins involved in pre-mRNA splicing, and delineation of residues essential for dim1 interactions with hnRNP F and Npw38/PQBP-1". Gene. 257 (1): 33–43. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00372-3. PMID11054566.
Iwamoto K, Huang Y, Ueda S (December 2000). "Genomic organization and alternative transcripts of the human PQBP-1 gene". Gene. 259 (1–2): 69–73. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00437-6. PMID11163963.
Okazawa H, Rich T, Chang A, Lin X, Waragai M, Kajikawa M, Enokido Y, Komuro A, Kato S, Shibata M, Hatanaka H, Mouradian MM, Sudol M, Kanazawa I (May 2002). "Interaction between mutant ataxin-1 and PQBP-1 affects transcription and cell death". Neuron. 34 (5): 701–13. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00697-9. PMID12062018.
Kalscheuer VM, Freude K, Musante L, Jensen LR, Yntema HG, Gécz J, Sefiani A, Hoffmann K, Moser B, Haas S, Gurok U, Haesler S, Aranda B, Nshedjan A, Tzschach A, Hartmann N, Roloff TC, Shoichet S, Hagens O, Tao J, Van Bokhoven H, Turner G, Chelly J, Moraine C, Fryns JP, Nuber U, Hoeltzenbein M, Scharff C, Scherthan H, Lenzner S, Hamel BC, Schweiger S, Ropers HH (December 2003). "Mutations in the polyglutamine binding protein 1 gene cause X-linked mental retardation"(Submitted manuscript). Nature Genetics. 35 (4): 313–5. doi:10.1038/ng1264. PMID14634649.
Brandenberger R, Wei H, Zhang S, Lei S, Murage J, Fisk GJ, Li Y, Xu C, Fang R, Guegler K, Rao MS, Mandalam R, Lebkowski J, Stanton LW (June 2004). "Transcriptome characterization elucidates signaling networks that control human ES cell growth and differentiation". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (6): 707–16. doi:10.1038/nbt971. PMID15146197.
Kleefstra T, Franken CE, Arens YH, Ramakers GJ, Yntema HG, Sistermans EA, Hulsmans CF, Nillesen WN, van Bokhoven H, de Vries BB, Hamel BC (October 2004). "Genotype-phenotype studies in three families with mutations in the polyglutamine-binding protein 1 gene (PQBP1)". Clinical Genetics. 66 (4): 318–26. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00308.x. PMID15355434.
Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, Ong SE, Lyon CE, Lamond AI, Mann M (January 2005). "Nucleolar proteome dynamics". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID15635413.
Stevenson RE, Bennett CW, Abidi F, Kleefstra T, Porteous M, Simensen RJ, Lubs HA, Hamel BC, Schwartz CE (May 2005). "Renpenning syndrome comes into focus". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 134 (4): 415–21. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30664. PMID15782410.
Marubuchi S, Wada Y, Okuda T, Hara Y, Qi ML, Hoshino M, Nakagawa M, Kanazawa I, Okazawa H (November 2005). "Polyglutamine tract-binding protein-1 dysfunction induces cell death of neurons through mitochondrial stress". Journal of Neurochemistry. 95 (3): 858–70. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03405.x. PMID16104847.