26S protease regulatory subunit 6A, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt5, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMC3gene.[1][2] This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex[3] Six 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunits (Rpt1, Rpt2, Rpt3, Rpt4, Rpt5 (this protein), and Rpt6) together with four non-ATPase subunits (Rpn1, Rpn2, Rpn10, and Rpn13) form the base sub complex of 19S regulatory particle for proteasome complex.[3]
The gene PSMC3 encodes one of the ATPase subunits, a member of the triple-A family of ATPases that have chaperone-like activity. This subunit may compete with PSMC2 for binding to the HIV tat protein to regulate the interaction between the viral protein and the transcription complex. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 9.[4] The human PSMC3 gene has 12 exons and locates at chromosome band 11p11.2.
Protein
The human protein 26S protease regulatory subunit 6A is 49kDa in size and composed of 439 amino acids. The calculated theoretical pI of this protein is 5.68.[5]
Complex assembly
26S proteasome complex is usually consisted of a 20S core particle (CP, or 20S proteasome) and one or two 19S regulatory particles (RP, or 19S proteasome) on either one side or both side of the barrel-shaped 20S. The CP and RPs pertain distinct structural characteristics and biological functions. In brief, 20S sub complex presents three types proteolytic activities, including caspase-like, trypsin-like, and chymotrypsin-like activities. These proteolytic active sites located in the inner side of a chamber formed by 4 stacked rings of 20S subunits, preventing random protein-enzyme encounter and uncontrolled protein degradation. The 19S regulatory particles can recognize ubiquitin-labeled protein as degradation substrate, unfold the protein to linear, open the gate of 20S core particle, and guide the substate into the proteolytic chamber. To meet such functional complexity, 19S regulatory particle contains at least 18 constitutive subunits. These subunits can be categorized into two classes based on the ATP dependence of subunits, ATP-dependent subunits and ATP-independent subunits. According to the protein interaction and topological characteristics of this multisubunit complex, the 19S regulatory particle is composed of a base and a lid subcomplex. The base consists of a ring of six AAA ATPases (Subunit Rpt1-6, systematic nomenclature) and four non-ATPase subunits (Rpn1, Rpn2, Rpn10, and Rpn13). Thus, 26S protease regulatory subunit 4 (Rpt2) is an essential component of forming the base subcomplex of 19S regulatory particle. For the assembly of 19S base sub complex, four sets of pivotal assembly chaperons (Hsm3/S5b, Nas2/P27, Nas6/P28, and Rpn14/PAAF1, nomenclature in yeast/mammals) were identified by four groups independently.[6][7][8][9][10][11] These 19S regulatory particle base-dedicated chaperons all binds to individual ATPase subunits through the C-terminal regions. For example, Hsm3/S5b binds to the subunit Rpt1 and Rpt2 (this protein), Nas2/p27 to Rpt5 (this protein), Nas6/p28 to Rpt3, and Rpn14/PAAAF1 to Rpt6, respectively. Subsequently, three intermediate assembly modules are formed as following, the Nas6/p28-Rpt3-Rpt6-Rpn14/PAAF1 module, the Nas2/p27-Rpt4-Rpt5 module, and the Hsm3/S5b-Rpt1-Rpt2-Rpn2 module. Eventually, these three modules assemble together to form the heterohexameric ring of 6 Atlases with Rpn1. The final addition of Rpn13 indicates the completion of 19S base sub complex assembly.[3]
Function
As the degradation machinery that is responsible for ~70% of intracellular proteolysis,[12] proteasome complex (26S proteasome) plays a critical roles in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular proteome. Accordingly, misfolded proteins and damaged protein need to be continuously removed to recycle amino acids for new synthesis; in parallel, some key regulatory proteins fulfill their biological functions via selective degradation; furthermore, proteins are digested into peptides for MHC class I antigen presentation. To meet such complicated demands in biological process via spatial and temporal proteolysis, protein substrates have to be recognized, recruited, and eventually hydrolyzed in a well controlled fashion. Thus, 19S regulatory particle pertains a series of important capabilities to address these functional challenges. To recognize protein as designated substrate, 19S complex has subunits that are capable to recognize proteins with a special degradative tag, the ubiquitinylation. It also have subunits that can bind with nucleotides (e.g., ATPs) in order to facilitate the association between 19S and 20S particles, as well as to cause confirmation changes of alpha subunit C-terminals that form the substate entrance of 20S complex.
The ATPases subunits assemble into a six-membered ring with a sequence of Rpt1–Rpt5–Rpt4–Rpt3–Rpt6–Rpt2, which interacts with the seven-membered alpha ring of 20S core particle and eastablishs an asymmetric interface between the 19S RP and the 20S CP.[13][14] Three C-terminal tails with HbYX motifs of distinct Rpt ATPases insert into pockets between two defined alpha subunits of the CP and regulate the gate opening of the central channels in the CP alpha ring.[15][16] Evidence showed that ATPase subunit Rpt5, along with other ubuiqintinated 19S proteasome subunits (Rpn13, Rpn10) and the deubiquitinating enzyme Uch37, can be ubiquitinated in situ by proteasome-associating ubiquitination enzymes. Ubiquitination of proteasome subunits can regulates proteasomal activity in response to the alteration of cellular ubiquitination levels.[17]
↑Hoyle J, Tan KH, Fisher EM (Mar 1997). "Localization of genes encoding two human one-domain members of the AAA family: PSMC5 (the thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein, TRIP1) and PSMC3 (the Tat-binding protein, TBP1)". Hum Genet. 99 (2): 285–8. doi:10.1007/s004390050356. PMID9048938.
↑Tanahashi N, Suzuki M, Fujiwara T, Takahashi E, Shimbara N, Chung CH, Tanaka K (Mar 1998). "Chromosomal localization and immunological analysis of a family of human 26S proteasomal ATPases". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 243 (1): 229–32. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7892. PMID9473509.
↑Le Tallec B, Barrault MB, Guérois R, Carré T, Peyroche A (Feb 2009). "Hsm3/S5b participates in the assembly pathway of the 19S regulatory particle of the proteasome". Molecular Cell. 33 (3): 389–99. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.01.010. PMID19217412.
↑Saeki Y, Toh-E A, Kudo T, Kawamura H, Tanaka K (May 2009). "Multiple proteasome-interacting proteins assist the assembly of the yeast 19S regulatory particle". Cell. 137 (5): 900–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.005. PMID19446323.
↑Kaneko T, Hamazaki J, Iemura S, Sasaki K, Furuyama K, Natsume T, Tanaka K, Murata S (May 2009). "Assembly pathway of the Mammalian proteasome base subcomplex is mediated by multiple specific chaperones". Cell. 137 (5): 914–25. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.008. PMID19490896.
↑Rock KL, Gramm C, Rothstein L, Clark K, Stein R, Dick L, Hwang D, Goldberg AL (Sep 1994). "Inhibitors of the proteasome block the degradation of most cell proteins and the generation of peptides presented on MHC class I molecules". Cell. 78 (5): 761–71. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(94)90462-6. PMID8087844.
↑Ishizuka T, Satoh T, Monden T, Shibusawa N, Hashida T, Yamada M, Mori M (Aug 2001). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat binding protein-1 is a transcriptional coactivator specific for TR". Mol. Endocrinol. 15 (8): 1329–43. doi:10.1210/mend.15.8.0680. PMID11463857.
↑Corn PG, McDonald ER, Herman JG, El-Deiry WS (Nov 2003). "Tat-binding protein-1, a component of the 26S proteasome, contributes to the E3 ubiquitin ligase function of the von Hippel-Lindau protein". Nat. Genet. 35 (3): 229–37. doi:10.1038/ng1254. PMID14556007.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID8125298.
Shaw DR, Ennis HL (1993). "Molecular cloning and developmental regulation of Dictyostelium discoideum homologues of the human and yeast HIV1 Tat-binding protein". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193 (3): 1291–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1765. PMID8323548.
Dubiel W, Ferrell K, Rechsteiner M (1993). "Peptide sequencing identifies MSS1, a modulator of HIV Tat-mediated transactivation, as subunit 7 of the 26 S protease". FEBS Lett. 323 (3): 276–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81356-5. PMID8500623.
DeMartino GN, Proske RJ, Moomaw CR, Strong AA, Song X, Hisamatsu H, Tanaka K, Slaughter CA (1996). "Identification, purification, and characterization of a PA700-dependent activator of the proteasome". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (6): 3112–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.6.3112. PMID8621709.
Seeger M, Ferrell K, Frank R, Dubiel W (1997). "HIV-1 tat inhibits the 20 S proteasome and its 11 S regulator-mediated activation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (13): 8145–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.13.8145. PMID9079628.
Tanaka T, Nakamura T, Takagi H, Sato M (1997). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel TBP-1 interacting protein (TBPIP):enhancement of TBP-1 action on Tat by TBPIP". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239 (1): 176–81. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7447. PMID9345291.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID9373149.
Nakamura T, Tanaka T, Takagi H, Sato M (1998). "Cloning and heterogeneous in vivo expression of Tat binding protein-1 (TBP-1) in the mouse". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1399 (1): 93–100. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00105-5. PMID9714759.
Tanahashi N, Murakami Y, Minami Y, Shimbara N, Hendil KB, Tanaka K (2000). "Hybrid proteasomes. Induction by interferon-gamma and contribution to ATP-dependent proteolysis". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14336–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.19.14336. PMID10799514.
Ijichi H, Tanaka T, Nakamura T, Yagi H, Hakuba A, Sato M (2000). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a human homologue of TBPIP, a BRCA1 locus-related gene". Gene. 248 (1–2): 99–107. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00141-4. PMID10806355.