Personality disorder risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
The exact cause of personality disorder remains unknown. However, it usually results from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The risk of development of personality disorder is increased by the presence of certain factors such as perinatal injuries, family history, history of substance abuse, childhood abuse and other psychosocial factors.
Risk Factors
Risk in development of PDs is increased with following factors:
- Genetic factors
- Perinatal injuries like trauma, infections like encephalitis and hemorrhage [1] [2]
- Parental attachment, parental misconduct, abuse, insensitivity and emotional neglect [3]
- Physical and sexual abuse [4]
- Use of illegal drugs or substance abuse
- Social bullying and racial discrimination [5]
- Frequent displacements in life or a major dislocation
References
- ↑ Max JE, Robertson BA, Lansing AE (2001). "The phenomenology of personality change due to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 13 (2): 161–70. doi:10.1176/jnp.13.2.161. PMID 11449023.
- ↑ Giannopoulou I, Pagida MA, Briana DD, Panayotacopoulou MT (2018). "Perinatal hypoxia as a risk factor for psychopathology later in life: the role of dopamine and neurotrophins". Hormones (Athens). 17 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1007/s42000-018-0007-7. PMID 29858855.
- ↑ Stepp SD, Lazarus SA, Byrd AL (2016). "A systematic review of risk factors prospectively associated with borderline personality disorder: Taking stock and moving forward". Personal Disord. 7 (4): 316–323. doi:10.1037/per0000186. PMC 5055059. PMID 27709988.
- ↑ de Aquino Ferreira LF, Queiroz Pereira FH, Neri Benevides AML, Aguiar Melo MC (2018). "Borderline personality disorder and sexual abuse: A systematic review". Psychiatry Res. 262: 70–77. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.043. PMID 29407572.
- ↑ ""The Psychological Effects of Racial Discrimination and Internalized Me" by Andrea E. DePetris".