Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jyostna Chouturi, M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) is a syndrome affecting the eye, which is characterized by peripheral atrophic chorioretinal scars, atrophy or scarring adjacent to the optic disc and maculopathy. The loss of vision in POHS is caused by choroidal neovascularization.

Retinal photograph of ocular histoplasmosis

Causes

Despite its name, the "presumed" relationship of POHS to Histoplasma capsulatum is controversial.^[1]^[2] The fungus has rarely been isolated from cases with POHS,^[3]^{[medical citation needed]} the condition has also been found in locations where histoplasmosis is rare,^[4] and there appears to be a relationship with tobacco smoking.^{[medical citation needed]}

Presentation

The diagnosis of POHS is based on the clinical triad of multiple white, atrophic choroidal scars, peripapillary pigment changes (dark spots around optic disc of the eye), and a maculopathy caused by choroidal neovascularization.

Completely distinct from POHS, acute ocular histoplasmosis may rarely occur in immunodeficiency.^[5]^[6]

Diagnosis

Fluorescein angiography is usually performed for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with POHS.

Treatment

Treatment requires careful consideration of angiographic findings when a choroidal neovascular membrane is suspected which is a condition that responds to treatment. A vitreo-retinal specialist (an ophthalmologist specialized in treatment of retinal diseases) should be consulted for proper management of the case.

Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have been successfully treated with laser, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors and photodynamic therapy. Ophthalmologists are using anti-vascular endothelial growth factors to treat AMD and similar conditions since research indicates that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the causes for the growth of the abnormal vessels that cause these conditions.

References

↑ Thuruthumaly, C; Yee, D. C.; Rao, P. K. (2014). "Presumed ocular histoplasmosis". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 25 (6): 508–12. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000100. PMID 25237930
↑ Nielsen, J. S.; Fick, T. A.; Saggau, D. D.; Barnes, C. H. (2012). "Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for choroidal neovascularization secondary to ocular histoplasmosis syndrome". Retina 32 (3): 468–72. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318229b220. PMID 21817958
↑ [1] Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome
↑ Stefan Dithmar; Frank Gerhard Holz (28 April 2008). Fluorescence Angiography in Ophthalmology. Springer. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-3-540-78359-6. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
↑ Macher, A; Rodrigues, M. M.; Kaplan, W; Pistole, M. C.; McKittrick, A; Lawrinson, W. E.; Reichert, C. M. (1985). "Disseminated bilateral chorioretinitis due to Histoplasma capsulatum in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Ophthalmology 92 (8): 1159–64. PMID 2413418
↑ Gonzales, C. A.; Scott, I. U.; Chaudhry, N. A.; Luu, K. M.; Miller, D; Murray, T. G.; Davis, J. L. (2000). "Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. Capsulatum: A case report and literature review". Ophthalmology. 107 (4): 725–9. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00179-7. PMID 10768335.
↑ Ehrlich R, Ciulla TA, Maturi R, et al. (2009). "Intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization secondary to presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome". Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 29 (10): 1418–23. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181babdf1. PMID 19898179.

External links

Handbook of ocular disease management: POHS

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Template:WikiDoc Sources

[1] Thuruthumaly, C; Yee, D. C.; Rao, P. K. (2014). "Presumed ocular histoplasmosis". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 25 (6): 508–12. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000100. PMID 25237930

[2] Nielsen, J. S.; Fick, T. A.; Saggau, D. D.; Barnes, C. H. (2012). "Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for choroidal neovascularization secondary to ocular histoplasmosis syndrome". Retina 32 (3): 468–72. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318229b220. PMID 21817958

[3] [1] Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome

[DithmarHolz2008-4] Stefan Dithmar; Frank Gerhard Holz (28 April 2008). Fluorescence Angiography in Ophthalmology. Springer. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-3-540-78359-6. Retrieved 29 June 2010.

[5] Macher, A; Rodrigues, M. M.; Kaplan, W; Pistole, M. C.; McKittrick, A; Lawrinson, W. E.; Reichert, C. M. (1985). "Disseminated bilateral chorioretinitis due to Histoplasma capsulatum in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Ophthalmology 92 (8): 1159–64. PMID 2413418

[6] Gonzales, C. A.; Scott, I. U.; Chaudhry, N. A.; Luu, K. M.; Miller, D; Murray, T. G.; Davis, J. L. (2000). "Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. Capsulatum: A case report and literature review". Ophthalmology. 107 (4): 725–9. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00179-7. PMID 10768335.

[pmid19898179-7] Ehrlich R, Ciulla TA, Maturi R, et al. (2009). "Intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization secondary to presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome". Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 29 (10): 1418–23. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181babdf1. PMID 19898179.

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