Protothecosis
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Protothecosis is a disease found in dogs, cats, cattle, and humans caused by a type of green algae known as Prototheca that lacks chlorophyll. It is the only known infectious pathogen that is also a plant.[1] The two most common species are Prototheca wickerhami and Prototheca zopfii. Both are known to cause disease in dogs, while most human cases are caused by P. wickerhami.[2] Prototheca is found worldwide in sewage and soil. Infection is rare despite high exposure, and can be related to a defective immune system.[3] In dogs, females and Collies are most commonly affected.[4] The first human case was identified in 1964 in Sierra Leone.[5]
The organism
Prototheca has been thought to be a mutant of Chlorella, a type of single-celled green algae. However, while Chlorella contains galactose and galactosamine in the cell wall, Prototheca lacks these. Also, Chlorella obtains its energy through photosynthesis, while Prototheca is saprotrophic, feeding on dead and decaying organic matter. When Prototheca was first isolated from slime flux of trees in 1894, it was thought to be a type of fungus.[6] Its size varies from 2 to 15 microns.[7]
Cutaneous protothecosis
The two main forms of protothecosis are cutaneous and disseminated. Cats are exclusively infected with the cutaneous, or skin, form.[8] Symptoms include soft lumps on the skin of the ears, legs, feet, nose, and head. Infection usually occurs through a wound in the skin. Humans are also usually affected by the cutaneous form,[2] but immunocompromised individuals may develop disseminated protothecosis.[9] Surgery is the treatment of choice for the cutaneous form.
Prothecosis in cattle
Cattle can be affected by protothecal enteritis and mastitis.[10] Protothecal mastitis is endemic worldwide, although most cases of infected herds have been reported in Germany, the United States, and Brazil.[1]
Protothecosis in dogs
Disseminated protothecosis is most commonly seen in dogs. The algae enters the body through the mouth or nose and causes infection in the intestines. From there it can spread to the eye, brain, and kidneys. Symptoms can include diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, inflammation of the eye (uveitis), retinal detachment, ataxia, and seizures.[11]
Dogs with acute blindness and diarrhea that develop exudative retinal detachment should be assessed for protothecosis. [6] Diagnosis is through culture or finding the organism in a biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous humour, or urine. Treatment of the disseminated form in dogs is very difficult, although use of antifungal medication has been successful in a few cases.[4] Prognosis for cutaneous protothecosis is guarded and depends on the surgical options. Prognosis for the disseminated form is grave. This may be due to delayed recognition and treatment.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Roesler U, Hensel A (2003). "Longitudinal analysis of Prototheca zopfii-specific immune responses: correlation with disease progression and carriage in dairy cows". J Clin Microbiol. 41 (3): 1181–6. PMID 12624049.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Leimann B, Monteiro P, Lazéra M, Candanoza E, Wanke B (2004). "Protothecosis". Med Mycol. 42 (2): 95–106. PMID 15124862.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hosaka S, Hosaka M (2004). "A case report of canine protothecosis". J Vet Med Sci. 66 (5): 593–7. PMID 15187378.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ettinger, Stephen J.;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed. ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.
- ↑ Lass-Flörl C, Fille M, Gunsilius E, Gastl G, Nachbaur D (2004). "Disseminated infection with Prototheca zopfii after unrelated stem cell transplantation for leukemia". J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (10): 4907–8. PMID 15472379.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hollingsworth S (2000). "Canine protothecosis". Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 30 (5): 1091–101. PMID 11033876.
- ↑ Lee W, Lagios M, Leonards R (1975). "Wound infection by Prototheca wickerhamii, a saprophytic alga pathogenic for man". J Clin Microbiol. 2 (1): 62–6. PMID 1225929.
- ↑ Vite, C.H. (2005). "Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System". Braund's Clinical Neurology in Small Animals: Localization, Diagnosis and Treatment. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
- ↑ Thiele D, Bergmann A (2002). "Protothecosis in human medicine". International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 204 (5–6): 297–302. PMID 11885351.
- ↑ Osterstock J, Mansell J, Roussel A (2005). "Protothecal enteritis as a cause of protein-losing enteropathy in a bull". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 227 (9): 1476–9, 1418. PMID 16279394.
- ↑ Gionfriddo, Juliet R. (March 2007). "An unusual cause of blindness in a Siberian husky". Veterinary Medicine. Advanstar Communications. 102 (3): 172–178.