Sandbox: maria8

Radiology and Oncology

Mnemonics

Mnemonic	Acronym	Description
Anterior mediastinal masses	4 T's	Teratoma Thymoma Testicular-type T-cell / Hodgkin's lymphoma
Dermatomyositis or polymyositis: risk of underlying malignancy	30%=30 40%=40	Risk is 30% at age 30. Risk is 40% at age 40, and so on
Chest radiograph: checklist to examine	Pamela Found Our Rotation Particularly Exciting; Very Highly Commended Mainly 'Cus She Arouses:	Patient details Film details Objects (e.g. lines, electrodes) Rotation Penetration Expansion Vessels HilaCostophrenic angles Mediastinum Cardiothoracic RatioSoft tissues and bonesAir (diaphragm, pneumothorax, subcut. emphysema)
Chest X-ray interpretation	Preliminary is ABCDEF:	AP or PA Body position Confirm name Date Exposure Films for comparison Analysis is ABCDEF:Airways (hilar adenopathy or enlargement)Breast shadows/ Bones (rib fractures, lytic bone lesions)Cardiac silhoutte (cardiac enlargement)/ Costophrenic angles (pleural effusions)Diaphragm (evidence of free air)/ Digestive tractEdges (apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening or plaques)/ Extrathoracic tissuesFields (evidence of alveolar filling)/ Failure (alveolar air space disease with prominent vascularity with or without pleural effusions)
Chest X-ray: cavitating lesions differential	If you see HOLES on chest X-ray, they are WEIRD:	Wegener's syndrome Embolic (pulmonary, septic) Infection (anaerobes, pneumocystis, TB) Rheumatoid (necrobiotic nodules) Developmental cysts (sequestration) Histiocytosis Oncological Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Environmental, occupational Sarcoid Alternatively: L=Left atrial myxoma
Lung cancer: main sites for distant metastases	BLAB	Bone Liver Adrenals Brain
Elbow ossification centers, in sequence	CRITOE:	Capitellum Radial head Internal epicondyle Trochlea Olecranon External epicondyle
Esophageal cancer: risk factors	ABCDEF:	Achalasia Barret's esophagus Corrosive esophagitis Diverticuliis Esophageal webFamilial
Head CT scan: evaluation checklist	Blood Can Be Very Bad:	Blood Cistern Brain Ventricles Bone
Lung cancer: notorious consequences	SPEECH:	Superior vena cava syndrome Paralysis of diaphragm (Phrenic nerve) Ectopic hormones Eaton-Lambert syndrome Clubbing Horner syndrome/ Hoarseness
Mole: signs of trouble	ABCDE:	Asymmetry Border irregularColour irregularDiameter usually > 0.5cmElevation irregular
Neck sagittal x-ray: examination checklist	ABCD:	Anterior: look for swelling Bones: examine each bone for fractures Cartilage: look for slipped discs Dark spots: ensure not abnormally big, or could mean excess blood
Osteoarthritis: x-ray signs	LOSS:	Loss of joint spaceOsteopyhtesSubcondral sclerosisSubchondral cysts
Prognotic factors for cancer: general	PROGNOSIS:	Presentation (time & course) Response to treatment Old (bad prog.) Good intervention (i.e. early) Non-compliance with treatment Order of differentiation (>1 cell type)Stage of disease Ill health Spread (diffuse)
Pituitary endocrine functions often affected by pituitary-associated tumor	Go Look For the Adenoma Please:	Tropic hormones affected by growth tumor are:GnRHLSHFSHACTHProlactin function
T2 vs. T1 MRI scan	WW 2 (World War II):	Water is White in a T2 scan. Conversely, a T1 scan shows fat as being whiter.
Upper lobe shadowing: causes	BREASTS:	Beryllium Radiation Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis TB Siliconiosis
Abdominal organ echogenicity (mnemonic)	Darling Parents So Love Kids	D: diaphragm P: pancreas S: spleen L: liver K: kidneys(cortex)
Abnormal collection of barium anywhere (mnemonic)	FEDUP	F: fistula E: extravasation D: diverticulum U: ulcer P: perforation
Accessory ossicles of the wrist	LOTTEO	L: lunula O: os styloideum (carpal boss) T: (os) triangulare T: (os) trapezium secondarium E: (os) epilunate O: os hamuli proprium
Ageing blood on MRI	I Bleed, I Die, Bleed Die, Bleed Bleed, Die Die	I Bleed T1 Isointense T2 Bright hyperacute < 24 hrs I Die T1 Isointense T2 Dark acute 1 to 3 days Bleed Die ​T1 Bright T2 Dark early subacute 2 to 7 days Bleed Bleed T1 Bright T2 Bright late subacute 7 to 14-28 day Die Die ​​T1 Dark T2 Dark chronic > 14 to 28 days
Bowel sacculation	MISC	M: metastasis I: ischemia S: scleroderma C: Crohn’s disease
Breast lesion localisation	muffins rise and lead falls	muffins rise: if the lesion is located medially, it will be in a higher position
calcifying-metastases	BOTOM	B: breast cancer O: osteosarcoma T: papillary thyroid cancer O: ovarian cancer (especially mucinous) M: mucinous adenocarcinoma (especially colorectal carcinoma)
Cerebral ring enhancing lesions	DR.MAGIC	M: metastasis A: abscess G: glioblastoma I: infarct (subacute phase) C: contusion D: demyelinating disease R: radiation necrosis or resolving haematoma
Features of a Charcot joint	6 Ds of Charcot joint	increased density (subchondral sclerosis) destruction debris (intra-articular loose bodies) dislocation distention disorganization
Conditions with a lower lobe predominance	CIA is BADASS	C: collagen vascular disease I: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis A: asbestosis B: bronchiectasis A: aspiration pneumonia D: drugs; desquamative interstitial pneumonia A: asbestosis S: scleroderma and collagen vascular disease
Corpus callosum hyperintensity	I MADE A PHD	I: infections (e.g. tuberculosis , varicella, rotavirus, HSV) M: Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome A: AIDS encephalopathy D: diffuse axonal injury and diffuse vascular injury E: epilepsy A: autoimmune disorders: hemolytic uremic syndrome related encephalopathy P: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome H: hypoglycemia D: demyelination (e.g. multiple sclerosis, ADEM)
CT assessment of the trauma patient	ABCDEFGHI	A: aortic transection B: bronchial fracture C: cord injury (thoracic spine) D: diaphragmatic rupture E: (o)esophageal tear F: flail chest G: gas (subtle pneumothorax) H: heart (cardiac injury) I: iatrogenic (misplaced monitoring & support catheters)
Cystic lesions of the spleen	TEAM	T: trauma E: echinococcal A: abscess M: metastasis
Eggshell calcification in thorax and mediastinum	A Silly Cool Sergeant Likes His Tubercular Blast	A: amyloidosis S: silicosis C: coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) S: sarcoidosis L: lymphoma: (postirradiation Hodgkin disease) H: histoplasmosis (e.g. pulmonary histoplasmosis) T: tuberculosis B: blastomycosis (e.g. pulmonary blastomycosis)
Emergency CT head (mnemonic)	Blood Can Be Very Bad	B: blood look for epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage and (also) extracranial hemorrhage. C: cisterns look for the presence of blood, effacement and asymmetry in four key cisterns (circummesencephalic, suprasellar, quadrigeminal and sylvian cisterns). B: brain look for asymmetry or effacement of the sulcal pattern, gray-white matter differentiation (including the insular ribbon sign), structural shifts and abnormal hypo (e.g. air, edema) or hyperdensities (e.g. blood, calcification). V: ventricles look for intraventricular hemorrhage, ventricular effacement or shift and for hydrocephalus. B: bone look for skull fractures (especially basilar) in bone windows (soft tissue swelling, mastoid air cells and paranasal sinuses fluid in the setting of trauma should raise the possibility of a skull fracture; intracranial air means that the skull and the dura have been violated somewhere).
Very bizarre generalised lesions	Oh my god lesions	Paget disease Fibrous dysplasia Neurofibromatosis Charcot joint
Unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax	SAFE POEM	S: Swyer-James syndrome A: agenesis (pulmonary) F: fibrosis (mediastinal) E: effusion (pleural effusion on the contralateral side) P: pneumonectomy/pneumothorax O: obstruction E: embolus (pulmonary) M: mucous plug
T2 hypointense basal ganglia	ChOMP	Ch: childhood hypoxia O: old age M: multiple sclerosis P: Parkinson's disease, more in globus pallidus
T2 hyperintense basal ganglia	LINT	L: lymphoma I: ischaemia N: neurodegenerative conditions T: toxins
Endobronchial metastases	Kiss My RBC	Kiss: Kaposi sarcoma My: melanoma R: renal cell carcinoma B: breast cancer C: colorectal carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, carcinoid
Features of a Charcot joint	6 Ds of Charcot joint	increased density (subchondral sclerosis) destruction debris (intra-articular loose bodies) dislocation distention disorganization
Fluid-fluid level containing bone lesions	GOATS CSF	G: giant cell tumour O: osteoblastoma A: aneurysmal bone cyst T: telangiectatic osteosarcoma S: sarcomas C: chondroblastoma S: solitary bone cyst F: fibroxanthoma
Focal pulmonary opacity	4 Fs	F: 'fection (pulmonary infection) F: 'farction (pulmonary infarction) F: fluid (pulmonary oedema) F: f***ed (lung cancer)
Haemorrhagic metastases	MR CT BB	M: melanoma: metastatic melanoma to brain R: renal cell carcinoma C: choriocarcinoma T: thyroid carcinoma, teratoma B: bronchogenic carcinoma B: breast carcinoma
Hair on end sign	HI NEST	herditary spherocytosis iron deficiency anaemia neuroblastoma enzyme deficiency, e.g. G-6-P deficiency causing haemolytic anaemia sickle cell disease thalassemia major
Communications between the anterior (carotid) and posterior (vertebrobasilar) systems.	HOT Pepper	Hypoglossal artery Otic artery Trigeminal artery Proatlantal intersegmental artery Persistent stapedial artery
Hyperintense on T1-weighted images	My Best Friend is Pretty Cool	M: melanin B: blood (i.e. metheamoglobin in subacute haemorrhage) F: fat P: protein; paramagnetic substances (e.g. manganese, copper); posterior pituitary gland C: contrast (i.e. gadolinium)
Increased bone density	Regular Sex Makes Occasional Perversions Much More Fun, Happening and Lovely	R: renal osteodystrophy S: sickle cell disease M: metastasis (osteoblastic) O: osteopetrosis P: pyknodysostosis; Paget's disease M: myelofibrosis M: mastocytosis F: fluorosis H: hyperparathyroidism; hypervitaminosis A and D L: lymphoma
Low signal masses in synovium	PACS	P: pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) A: amyloid C: chronic bleeding disorders, e.g. haemophilia S: synovial osteochondromatosis
Lucent rib lesions	FEMALE	F: fibrous dysplasiaE: enchondromaM: metastasis/myelomaA: ABCL: lymphomaE: eosinophilic granuloma
Lung consolidation	A2BC3	A: acinar rosettes A: air bronchogram/alveologram B: bat-wing distribution C: coalescent/confluent ill-defined "fluffy"" appearnce
C: consolidation: diffuse, perihilar/bibasilar, lobar/segmental, locular/multifocal
C: changes occur rapidly
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis "	Certain Cancers Spread By Plugging The Lymphatics	C: cervix C: colon S: stomach B: breast P: pancreas T: thyroid L: larynx
Lytic bone lesion	FOG MACHINES	F: fibrous dysplasia or fibrous cortical defect (FCD) O: osteoblastoma G: giant cell tumour (GCT) M: metastasis(es)/myeloma A: aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) C: chondroblastoma or chondromyxoid fibroma H: hyperparathyroidism (brown tumour) I: infection (osteomyelitis) N: non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) E: enchondroma or eosinophilic granuloma (EG) S: simple (unicameral) bone cyst
Lytic bone lesion surrounded by marked sclerosis	BOOST	B: brodie abscess O: osteoblastoma O: osteoid osteoma S: stress fracture T: tuberculosis
Lytic rib lesion	FAME	F: fibrous dysplasia A: aneurysmal bone cyst M: metastases to bone or multiple myeloma E: enchondroma or eosinophilic granuloma
Lytic skull lesions	MEL TORME	M: metastasis E: eosinophilic granuloma L: lymphoma/langerhans cell histiocytosis T: TB O: osteomyelitis R: radiation M: multiple myeloma E: epidermoid
Multiple benign lucent bone lesions	Never Pee On Huge Heavy Elephants From Jersey City	N: neurofibromatosis (type 1) P: Paget disease O: Ollier disease H: hereditary multiple exostoses H: hyperparathyroidism (and haemophilia) E: eosinophilic granuloma F: fibrous dysplasia J: Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome C: cystic angiomatosis
Multiple lytic bone lesions	FFEMHI	F: fibrous dysplasia E: eosinophilic granuloma E: enchondroma M: metastatic disease and myeloma H: hyperparathyroidism (brown tumours) I: infection
Peripheral lung opacities	AEIOU	A: alveolar sarcoidosis E: eosinophilic pneumonia I: infarction O: cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) U: usual interstitial pneumonitis (UIP) and desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP) U: contUsion
Chest Xray pre-interpretation	POPIRAM	P: projection, PA or AP ?, left lateral or right lateral ? O: orientation, determine left and right of the chest X-ray P: penetration ( of the Xray ), under-penetration or over-penetration ? I: inspiration, poor-inspiration or optimal-inspiration ? R: rotation, with or without ? A: angulation, with or without ? M: motion, with or without ?
Causes of lung cavitation	CAVITY	C: Cancer A: autoimmune V: vascular (both bland and septic pulmonary embolus) I: Infection (bacterial/fungal) T: trauma Y: youth