Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.
Overview
The true prevalence of sleep apnea is difficult to estimate because mild cases may remain undiagnosed, and the majority of patients only present following the development of clinical manifestations. Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder, and clinical manifestations often develop as the disease progresses. Accordingly, elderly patients are more commonly diagnosed with sleep apnea than younger adults. Male gender and African American race are associated with higher prevalence of sleep apnea compared with female gender and other ethnicities.
Prevalence
- The true prevalence of sleep apnea is difficult to estimate because mild cases may remain undiagnosed, and the majority of patients only present following the development of clinical manifestations.
- In the general population, sleep apnea prevalence is estimated to range from 3,000 to 7,000 per 100,000 individuals[1]
Age
- Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder, and clinical manifestations often develop as the disease progresses. Accordingly, elderly patients are more commonly diagnosed with sleep apnea than younger adults.
- Compared with younger adults, the prevalence of sleep apnea is 2 to 3 greater among individuals older than 60-65 years of age[2]
Gender
- Sleep apnea is more common among males
- The male:female ratio ranges between 2:1 to 3:1[3]
- The prevalence of sleep apnea is approximately 3,000-7,000 per 100,000 for adult men and 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 for adult women[4]
- The increased prevalence among males may be attributable to the larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway
Race
- Compared with Caucasian and Asian race, African-American race is associated with a 2-3 fold increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea[5]
- Sleep apnea due to craniofacial factors is more frequently observed among Chinese patients than among Caucasians.[6]
- The predilection of central sleep apnea based on race is unknown.
References
- ↑ Punjabi NM (2008). "The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (2): 136–43. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. PMC 2645248. PMID 18250205.
- ↑ Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A (1998). "Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 (1): 144–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079. PMID 9445292.
- ↑ Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V (1994). "Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149 (3 Pt 1): 722–6. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642. PMID 8118642.
- ↑ Punjabi, N. M. (2008). "The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 5 (2): 136–143. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. ISSN 1546-3222.
- ↑ Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S (2001). "The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163 (4): 947–50. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136. PMID 11282771.
- ↑ Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2007). "Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis". Chest. 132 (1): 325–37. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0040. PMC 2813513. PMID 17625094.