Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (patient information)

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SIADH

Overview

What are the symptoms?

What are the causes?

Who is at highest risk?

When to seek urgent medical care?

Diagnosis

Treatment options

Where to find medical care for SIADH?

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Prevention

SIADH On the Web

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FDA on SIADH

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Directions to Hospitals Treating SIADH

Risk calculators and risk factors for SIADH

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ali Poyan Mehr, M.D. [2], Olufunmilola Olubukola M.D.[3], Jinhui Wu, M.D., Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [4]

Overview

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone production is a condition in which the body develops an excess of water and a decrease in sodium concentration. It may be caused by central nervous system diseases, cancers, pulmonary diseases, and some drugs. Signs and symptoms vary widely. Some patients with SIADH may become severely ill or may have no symptoms at all. Usual symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, weakness, and consciousness disorders. Blood tests of hyponatremia (sodium <135 mEq/L) and low serum osmolality (<280 mOsm/kg) may prompt the diagnosis of SIADH. Treatment depends on the causes. Adequate restriction of water intake and addition of a high concentration of sodium may get immediate improvement. Prognosis of SIADH varies widely, depending on the cause.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion often presents with clinical features of low blood level of sodium (i.e., hyponatremia). It is the most common cause of hyponatremia seen in clinical practice, as hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in clinical medicine. SIADH arises when there is inappropriate secretion of the antidiuretic hormone that cause the kidneys to retain free water rather than excreting it leading to fluid accumulation in the body with low blood level of sodium. The low level of sodium is due to the dilution effect of excess free body water and not a shortage; therefore, treatment of low sodium level in SIADH is geared towards removing the excess free water and improving the level of sodium.

What are the symptoms of SIADH?

Symptoms vary, depending on the degree of abnormality in the serum sodium concentration and the speed with which this concentration falls. Usual symptoms include:

Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.

Diseases with similar symptoms

What causes SIADH?

The causes of SIADH are many, and because the disease may present with features of electrolyte disturbances, there are many non-associated diseases that present like SIADH. The most common cause of SIADH is ectopic secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (also called arginine vasopressin) by cancer cells. Cancers like lung or bronchogenic cancers, lymphoma(s) in any location, head and neck cancers, sarcoma, and myriad of other cancers can cause SIADH. Other causes of SIADH include: Pulmonary diseases, central nervous system disorders, as well as pharmacotherapy with anticancer drugs like vincristine, cyclophosphamide; opioids like morphin, antiepileptics, and some antidepressants medications.

Who is at highest risk?

Diagnosis

  • Chest X-ray to look for ectopic causes of SAIDH and or CT Scan of the head and other suspected body area to located masses that may be secreting the hormone causing SIADH.

When to seek urgent medical care?

Treatment options

In patients with moderate to severe SIADH, water restriction may not improve symptoms. Drugs like conivaptan (an approved vasopressin receptors antagonist), lithium, and demeclocycline may be given to increase the plasma sodium level and diuretics to improve the excretion of free water. Patients can also receive hypertonic saline fluids intravenously to prevent central pontine myelinosis (a very severe complication of hyponatremia) in patients with severe hyponatremia.

  • For immediate improvement, all patients with SIADH require sharp restriction of their daily water intake and addition an intravenous infusion of high sodium fluids (hypertonic saline solution). Patients may be treated with diuresis to promote water excretion.
  • The most definitive way to relieve SIADH is to deal with the underlying problem itself.

Where to find medical care for SIADH?

Directions to Hospitals Treating syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

Prevention

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Possible Complications

Sources

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000314.htm

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