Tobacco industry
The tobacco industry comprises those persons and companies engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any warm, moist environment, which means it is farmed on all continents except Antarctica.
Tobacco is a commodity product similar in economic terms to foodstuffs in that the price is set by the fact that crop yields vary depending on local weather conditions. The price varies by specific species grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it was grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality.
History
For a history of how tobacco has been grown and marketed, see tobacco, smoking and articles on similar topics.
Current state of affairs
The tobacco industry generally refers to the companies involved in the manufacture of cigarettes, cigars, snuff, chewing and pipe tobacco. This industry is heavily dominated by giant firms. Due to historical growing areas, many of these companies are concentrated in the southern United States (particularly Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina; Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Richmond, Virginia). Other companies are based around the world.
Tobacco advertising is becoming increasingly restricted around the world.
Industry outlook in the United States
The tobacco industry in the United States has suffered greatly since the mid-1990's, when it was successfully sued by several U.S. states. The suits claimed that tobacco causes cancer, that companies in the industry knew this, and that they deliberately understated the significance of their findings, contributing to the illness and death of many citizens in those states.
The industry was found to have decades of internal memos confirming in detail that tobacco (which contains nicotine) is both addictive and carcinogenic (cancer-causing).
The suit resulted in a large cash settlement being paid by a group of tobacco companies to the states that sued. Further, since the suit was settled, other individuals have come forth, in class action lawsuits, claiming individual damages. New suits of this type will probably continue indefinitely.
Since the settlement is a heavy tax on the profits of the tobacco industry in the US, and further settlements being made only add to the financial burden of these companies, it is debatable if the industry has a money-producing long term outlook.
The tobacco industry has been largely successful in this litigation process, with the majority of cases being won by the industry. During the first 42 years of tobacco litigation (between 1954 and 1996) the industry maintained a clean record in litigation [1] thanks to tactics described in a R J Reynolds Tobacco Company internal memo as "the way we won these cases, to paraphrase Gen. Patton, is not by spending all of Reynolds' money, but by making the other son of a bitch spend all of his."[2]. Between 1995 and 2005 59% of cases were won by the tobacco industry either outright or on appeal in the US[3], but the continued success of the industry's efforts to win these cases is questionable.
Lawsuits against the tobacco industry are primarily restricted to the United States due to differences in legal systems in other countries. Many businesses class ongoing lawsuits as a cost of doing business in the US and feel their revenue will be only marginally affected by the activities [1].
Smuggling has emerged in some states where cigarette taxes are high[citation needed].
Conflicting points of view
There are two entrenched interests that have opinions about the tobacco industry: (a) participants in the industry, and (b) people affected by the deaths attributable to tobacco use. These interests conflict as they involve large amounts of money, long-held (historically) belief systems, and the premature deaths of loved family members.
Participants in the industry argue that commercial tobacco production is a vital part of the American and world economy. They state that thousands of farmers in the United States, alone, make their living from raising tobacco leaves for use by the industry. They estimate that the tobacco industry contributes billions of dollars in tax revenue to the federal government every year.
People affected by or sympathetic to the large death rate attributable to active and/or passive tobacco use cite the fact that half of all tobacco users die from tobacco-related causes worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, that means that about 650 million current smokers will die from a preventable cause. They also indicate that smoking-related health problems contribute to rising health care costs.
Tobacco control
On May 11th, 2004, the U.S. became the 108th country to sign the World Health Organization's Global Treaty on Tobacco Control. This treaty places broad restrictions on the sale, advertising, shipment, and taxation of tobacco products. The U.S. has not yet ratified this treaty in its senate and does not yet have a schedule for doing so.
Most recently, there has been discussion within the tobacco control community of transforming the tobacco industry through the replacement of tobacco corporations by other types of business organizations that can be established to provide tobacco to the market while not attempting to increase market demand[4].
On February 20, 2007, the US Supreme Court ruled that the Altria Group (formerly Phillip Morris) did not have to pay $79.5 million in punitive damages awarded to Mayola Williams in a 1999 Oregon court ruling, when she sued Phillip Morris for responsibility in the cancer death of her husband, Jesse Williams [2]. The Supreme Court's decision overturns a ruling made by the Oregon Supreme Court that upheld the award [3].
Working to change smokeless tobacco control
As of 2007, British American Tobacco, Reynolds American, Imperial Tobacco and Philip Morris are lobbying the European Union to lift a ban on smokeless alternatives to cigarettes. This was imposed in Britain in 1990 after the US Smokeless Tobacco company attempted to bring pouches of snuff (i.e. ground tobacco) for oral use, called Skoal Bandits, to market. The move to lift the ban is supported by antismoking groups and the Royal College of Physicians[5], as the oral snuff which the industry is attempting to introduce only verifiably increases the user's risk of pancreatic cancer, but not of oral or lung cancer[citation needed]. Indications of an increase in oral cancer are present in some studies, but have only very rarely been statistically significant.
Different types of smokeless tobacco carry different risk profiles. However, to date, all appear to be safer than cigarettes. One thing is abundantly clear: a large body of science supports the conclusion that, at the very least, smokeless tobacco products of the sort used in Sweden (snus) are significantly safer than cigarettes. Sweden has the lowest level of tobacco related illness in Europe, is the only country which has reduced it's smoking below the WHO's target level, and is the only EU country in which snus (a Swedish smokeless tobacco cured in such a way as to minimize the most important classes of carcinogens) is legal. It should be noted, also, that all data in Sweden indicates that the direction of "movement" of tobacco users between products is toward snus, and away from smoking, thus refuting claims that cigarette companies favor introducing snus (or other popular Western smokeless products -- all of which have been documented to be safer than cigarettes) with an eye towards getting people habituated to cigarettes at a later time. On the contrary, it's very clear that cigarette companies wish to introduce smokeless products in Europe because they realize that a safer product will appeal to customers and to society in general, thus making it possible to turn a profit even as cigarette crackdowns gain momentum. Luckily, the interests of the tobacco companies and of society in general intersect in this case -- the availability of snus products, as has been proven in Sweden, leads to a reduction in cigarette smoking and a reduction in tobacco related illness.
Tobacco companies
| Largest Tobacco Companies | ||
|---|---|---|
| COMPANY | GLOBAL MARKET SHARE (%) | 1999 TOBACCO SALES ($BIL) |
| China National Tobacco Co. (CNTC) | 32.7 | $0.023 |
| Altria Group, Inc. (USA) | 17.3 | $47 |
| British American Tobacco PLC (BAT, UK) | 16.0 | $30.4 |
| Japan Tobacco | 9.0 | $29.9 |
| R.J. Reynolds Tobacco (USA) | 2.0 | $7.6 |
| Imperial Tobacco (UK) | 2.0 | |
| Altadis (France and Spain) | 2.0 | |
| PT Gudang Garam (Indonesia) | 1.4 | |
| TEKEL (Turkey) | 1.3 | |
| ITC (India) | 1.0 | |
| Fortune Tobacco Co. (Philippines) | .9 | |
| Eastern Company (Egypt) | .8 | |
| Thailand Tobacco monopoly | .8 | |
| Lorillard Tobacco Co. (USA) | .7 | |
| ITC (Iranian Tobacco Monopoly Company) | .5 | |
| LCWGS (Australia) | .2 | |
| (2000, Euromonitor, Tara Parker-Pope) | ||
Production by Country
The United Nations Foreign Agricultural Office estimates the following production by country in 2000. (Figures are in thousands of tonnes.)
| China | 2,298.8 |
| India | 595.4 |
| Brazil | 520.7 |
| United States | 408.2 |
| European Union | 314.5 |
| Zimbabwe | 204.9 |
| Turkey | 193.9 |
| Indonesia | 166.6 |
| Former Soviet Union | 116.8 |
| Malawi | 108.0 |
References
- ↑ Daynard RA, Bates C, Francey N. Tobacco litigation worldwide. BMJ. 2000 Jan 8;320(7227):111-3. PMID 10625272
- ↑ Haines v Liggett Group, Inc, 818 F Supp 414, 421 (DNJ 1993), quoted in Daynard et al 2000
- ↑ Douglas CE, Davis RM, Beasley JK. Epidemiology of the third wave of tobacco litigation in the United States, 1994–2005. Tobacco Control 2006;15(suppl_4):iv9-iv16; doi:10.1136/tc.2006.016725
- ↑ C. Callard, D. Thompson and N. Collishaw, Curing The Addiction To Profits: A Supply-Side Approach To Phasing Out Tobacco (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2005)
- ↑ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article1785028.ece Cigarette firms push for tobacco 'teabags', The Times, 14 May 2007
Further reading
- Glantz SA, Slade J, Bero LA, Hanauer P, Barnes, DE., The Cigarette Papers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996
- Judith MacKay, The Tobacco Atlas, World Health Organization, 2002, ISBN 92-4-156209-9
- Mike A. Males, Smoked: Why Joe Camel Is Still Smiling, Common Courage Press, 1999, ISBN 1-56751-172-4